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Öğe Extraction and Applications of Oakmoss Absolute Extract as a Functional Ingredient in Alginate-Guar Gum Composite Films for Food Packaging(Wiley, 2025) Bhatia, Saurabh; Alhadhrami, Aysha Salim; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Jawad, Muhammad; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer; Alam, Tanveer; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Anwer, Md. Khalid; Mohan, Syam; Najmi, Asim; Khalid, AsaadOakmoss absolute extract (OME) is a potential source for active antimicrobial and antioxidant components that can be used to develop an active packaging material. Active films were developed by impregnation of OME in sodium alginate (SA) and guar gum (GG)-based films. The effects of 0.5%-1.5% OME (w/v) over the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of SA-GG films were assessed. The mechanical properties (TS, EAB), water permeability, thickness, and opacity increased; however, moisture content decreased with the increase in the concentration of OME. SEM analysis represents that incorporation of OME resulted into heterogenous structure with pores and cracks. FTIR analysis showed that the addition of OME into SA-GG triggered interactions between SA-GG and OME. The color attributes of SA-GG films were significantly affected by the incorporation of OME. The XRD analysis revealed that the amorphous nature of the film remained unchanged after impregnation with OME. The films loaded with OME demonstrated higher antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH as well as ABTS radical scavenging) than control film. Thus, the addition of OME into SA-GG film was a valuable approach to synthesize active, bio-functional, and eco-friendly packing for the food industry.Öğe Development and Characterization of Potato Starch-Pectin-Based Active Films Enriched With Juniper Berry Essential Oil for Food Packaging Applications(Wiley, 2025) Bhatia, Saurabh; Jawad, Muhammad; Chinnam, Sampath; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Khan, Talha Shireen; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer; Diblan, Sevgin; Mohan, Syam; Najmi, Asim; Khalid, Asaad; Khan, Mahbubur RahmanThe increasing demand for sustainable food packaging has driven the development of films based on biopolymers. However, enhancing their functional properties remains a challenge. In the current study, potato starch-pectin (PSP) composite films were fabricated and enriched with juniper berry essential oil (JBEO) to improve their physicochemical properties. The effects of incorporating different concentrations of JBEO (0.1%-1% v/v) on various properties of PSP-based films were evaluated, including surface color, transparency, barrier properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA and DTA), antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effectiveness. Increasing the level of JBEO led to a significant decrease in the moisture content, film transparency, and mechanical attributes, while an increase in thickness, water permeability, and film elongation was observed. SEM analysis also revealed morphological properties such as some spherical, bubble-like configuration and cracks on the surface due to an increase in JBEO concentration. TGA and DTA revealed lower weight loss in the initial cycles due to the addition of JBEO, and the thermal stability of the films improved. The antioxidant assays revealed a concentration-dependent increase in the radical scavenging capacity of the films from 11.31% to 17.28% for DPPH and from 3.06% to 25.53% for ABTS. Moreover, significant antibacterial and antifungal activity of the bioactive films was observed against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans. These findings suggest that JBEO enhances the functional properties of PSP films, making them suitable for active food packaging applications.Öğe Characterizations of Effective Parameters and Circuit Modeling of U-Coupled Hybrid Ring Resonator Band Pass Filter(IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2025) Varshney, Atul; Gencoglan, Duygu Nazan; Elfergani, Issa; Rodriguez, Jonathan; Zebiri, Chemseddine; Neebha, T. MaryA two-port symmetrical, reciprocal, U-shaped mutually coupled hybrid ring resonator for ISM, L-band, and S-band applications is presented. The designed resonator is novel with a hybrid ring which comprises a square ring, a circular ring, and two U-shaped couplers for effective mutual coupling between rings and microstrip feeds. The proposed resonator serves as a bandpass filter with a passband ranging from 1.31 GHz to 2.68 GHz. This design offers superior performance compared to conventional ring resonators. The equivalent circuit model of the hybrid ring resonator validated the behavior of the filtering action. The resonator is validated using the measurement of reflection and transmission coefficients. The comparisons of measured values of the prototyped resonator model with CST-designed and HFSS-designed simulated values are found in good agreement in terms of design frequency 2.45 GHz, reflection and transmission coefficient values, and -10 dB bandwidth values. The equivalent circuit model is validated using ADS software. The designed circuit parameter values are found to be in excellent match with manually evaluated circuit parameters with tolerances under +/- 20%. Selectivity of the ring resonator is investigated for applicability of proposed resonator filter for practical applications. The hybrid resonator is good for the measurement of dielectric permittivity and loss tangent estimations at any frequency without the need for a calculator. The effective parameters are evaluated for characterizations of dielectric properties and their behavior as metamaterials. These attributes make the proposed hybrid ring resonator a highly versatile and efficient solution for next generation communication devices and applications.Öğe Development of Peru balsam-enriched pectin-gellan gum films for sustainable antioxidant food packaging(Springer, 2025) Bhatia, Saurabh; Alhadhrami, Aysha Salim; Jawad, Muhammad; Chinnam, Sampath; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer; Alam, Tanveer; Mohan, Syam; Zoghebi, Khalid; Khalid, AsaadIn this study, the effects of Perubalsam extract (PBE) on the surface, physical, mechanical, barrier and antioxidant properties of pectin/Gelrite gellen gum (PGG) were evaluated. The developed films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, physiochemical properties, including moisture content, color, opacity, water solubility, and water vapor permeability, were measured. The antioxidant activity of the prepared films was determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The incorporation of the extract into films increased opacity, thickness, elongation at break, water vapor permeability, and water solubility; however, tensile strength and moisture content decreased. SEM analysis revealed microstructural deformities like pores and cracks at higher concentrations of PBE. As expected, the antioxidant activities of the composite films increased with the increase in the PBE concentration in the films. Thus, such natural extract antioxidant films as a sustainable packaging material could offer better protection to the packed product against undesirable oxidation reactions.Öğe The expanded theory of planned behavior for energy saving among academics in Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Slovakia(Nature Portfolio, 2025) Puiu, Silvia; Yilmaz, Sidika Ece; Udristioiu, Mihaela Tinca; Raganova, Janka; Raykova, Zhelyazka; Yildizhan, Hasan; Ameen, ArmanGiven the escalating global energy consumption and the concurrent economic and energy crises, energy-saving behaviour must be adopted on a large scale. Universities that are energy-intensive institutions should be one of the institutions where energy-saving behaviour is widely adopted. Academics devote a substantial portion of their time to their offices, which leads to increased energy usage. However, no study has investigated academics' energy-saving behaviours in the literature. Most studies focus on students or employees in various organizations. Our study tries to cover the gap by examining the energy-saving behaviour of academics in four countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Slovakia) based on the expanded Theory of Planned Behaviour. A questionnaire was distributed to 228 academics from the four countries to gather data. The research hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The findings show that individual factors (attitude and perceived behaviour control) influence the energy-saving intention of academics but not the organisational factors due to the weak identification with their universities. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers seeking to promote energy-saving programs in academic institutions. The academics can be seen as role models for their students which emphasizes the need to study more their sustainable behaviours.Öğe Microfluidic rapid isolation and electrochemical detection of S. pneumonia via aptamer-decorated surfaces(Elsevier, 2025) Babaie, Zahra; Kibar, Gunes; Yesilkaya, Hasan; Amrani, Yassine; Dogan, Soner; Tuna, Bilge G.; Ozalp, Veli C.; Cetin, BarbarosBackground: S. pneumoniae is widely recognized as a leading cause of respiratory infections worldwide, often resulting in high mortality rates. However, the advent of microfluidic technologies has brought significant advancements, including the simplified, sensitive, cost-effective, and rapid approach to pneumococcal bacteremia detection. In this study, a microfluidic magnetic platform is presented for rapid isolation, and an electrode array is utilized for the electrochemical detection of S. pneumoniae. Aptamer-decorated surfaces were employed for both isolation and detection. For isolation, silica magnetic microparticles were synthesized and decorated with aptamer. Results: Isolation performance was assessed for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and blood samples for different concentrations of S. pneumoniae. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with fabricated gold interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) decorated with aptamer was implemented for the detection of S. pneumoniae at different bacteria concentrations. The microfluidic platform performed bacteria isolation at comparable isolation efficiency with batch systems but at a much faster rate (isolation took about a minute, and the aptamer-decorated electrode array exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) at 962 CFU/mL and linear range between 104 and 107CFU/mL. Significance: Our method represents a significant advancement compared to previous reports. Our microfluidic platform can efficiently isolate 60 mu L of the bacteria sample within about one minute. The entire process takes about two minutes including the detection step. Furthermore, our method achieves a notable improvement in the detection limit for S. pneumoniae compared to conventional ELISA and magnetic microfluidics ELISA.Öğe Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu3+-Activated Ba2Cd(BO3)2 Red-Emitting Phosphors for Near-Ultraviolet Excited White Light-Emitting Diodes(Wiley, 2025) Toreli, S. B.; Kafadar, V. E.; Emen, F. M.; Ozturk, E.; Altinkaya, R.A new class of rare-earth doped borate phosphors, Ba2Cd(BO3)(2): xEu(3+) (x = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mol%), was synthesized using the high-temperature solid-state reaction technique in air. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the phase formation of Ba2Cd(BO3)(2), while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed the presence of trigonal [BO3] units. The surface morphology was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) identified the elements. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis showed that the phosphors emitted at 592, 613, 652, and 701 nm, corresponding to the D-5(0) -> F-7(1), D-5(0) -> F-7(2), D-5(0) -> F-7(3), and D-5(0) -> F-7(4) transition of Eu3+ ions, respectively. The 613 nm red emission, from the D-5(0) -> F-7(2) transition, was strongest for the 6 mol% Eu3+ sample. The emission intensity increased with Eu3+ concentration, peaking at 6 mol%. CIE chromaticity, correlated color temperature (CCT), and color purity calculations showed acceptable color coordinates (0.6426 and 0.3548), a low CCT value (2355 K), and high purity (91.34%), making the 6 mol% Eu3+-doped phosphor ideal for red light in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs).Öğe Modeling and Nonlinear Analysis of Plant-Soil Moisture Interactions for Sustainable Land Management: Insights for Desertification Mitigation(MDPI, 2025) Kai, Ge; Han, Yongquan; Ozbek, Necdet Sinan; Ma, Wensai; Liu, Yaze; He, Gengyun; Zhao, Xinyu; Chen, YangquanThis research explores the dynamics of vegetation patterns under changing environmental conditions, considering the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15: Protect, restore, and promote the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems; combat desertification; halt and reverse land degradation; and prevent biodiversity loss. In this context, this study presents a modeling and nonlinear analysis framework for plant-soil-moisture interactions, including Holling-II functional response and hyperbolic mortality models. The primary goal is to explore how nonlinear soil-water interactions influence vegetation patterns in semi-arid ecosystems. Moreover, the influence of nonlinear soil-water interaction on the establishment of population patterns is investigated. The formation and evolution of these patterns are explored using theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, as well as important factors and critical thresholds. These insights are crucial for addressing desertification, a key challenge in semi-arid regions that threatens biodiversity, ecosystem services, and sustainable land management. The model, which includes environmental parameters such as rainfall, plant growth rates, and soil moisture, was tested using both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. These characteristics are carefully adjusted to find important thresholds influencing the danger of desertification. Simulation scenarios, run under set initial conditions and varying parameters, yield useful insights into the pattern of patch development under dynamically changing environmental conditions. The findings revealed that changes in environmental conditions, such as rainfall and plant growth rates, prompted Hopf bifurcation, resulting in the production of three distinct patterns: a dotted pattern, a striped pattern, and a combination of both. The creation of these patterns provides essential information about the sustainability of environmental equilibrium. The variation curve of the average plant biomass reveals that the biomass fluctuates around a constant period, with the amplitude initially increasing, then decreasing, and gradually stabilizing. This research provides a solid foundation for addressing desertification risks, using water resources responsibly, and contributing to a better understanding of ecosystem stability.Öğe Impact of Ylang Ylang essential oil on the physical, thermal, and antioxidant properties of corn starch/bovine gelatin films(Wiley, 2025) Bhatia, Saurabh; Jawad, Muhammad; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Khan, Talha Shireen; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer; Alyaqoobi, Sausan Suliem; Albroumi, Mohammed; Pratap-Singh, AnubhavIn the present study we evaluated the antioxidant activity, morphological, barrier, thermal, surface optical, and mechanical properties of corn starch/bovine gelatin-based films containing Ylang Ylang essential oil (YYEO) with various concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) were incorporated in the film matrix. The obtained findings indicated that the tensile strength of the fabricated films did not show any significant difference. The addition of YYEO to composite films led to notable enhancements in their properties, including an increase in elongation at break (15.86%-54.78%), water solubility (35.66%-49.49%), moisture content (13.61%-19.03%), and swelling index (347%-453%). The film containing YYEO exhibited greater water vapor permeability compared to the control film. Additionally, the swelling ratio of all YYEO-enriched films was noticeably lower than that of the control films. The incorporation of YYEO also improved the hydrophobicity of the biocomposite films. Thermal analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability with the addition of YYEO. Furthermore, antioxidant assays, such as DPPH and ABTS, revealed a significant boost in antioxidant activity in the oil-loaded films. This study explores the use of YYEO in developing composite films made from corn starch and gelatin. The resulting films demonstrate a good potential for use in food packaging applications.Öğe Bond Performance of GFRP Bars in Glass and Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Under Hinged Beam Tests(MDPI, 2025) Erturkmen, Duygu; Urunveren, Husamettin; Beycioglu, Ahmet; Ibadov, Nabi; Aruntas, Hueseyin Yilmaz; Garbacz, AndrzejIn recent years, researchers have focused on the usability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars due to their lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and eco-friendly characteristics. Geopolymers, as low-carbon alternatives to traditional binders, aim to reduce CO2 emissions in concrete production. The bond strength between FRP bars and concrete is critical for the load-bearing capacity and deformation characteristics of reinforced elements. The objectives of this work are to investigate the bond performance of GFRP bars in chopped glass and basalt fiber-added geopolymer concrete using hinged beam tests. Since the hinged beam test accurately represents the behavior of real bending elements, this test method was selected as a main bonding test. Initially, three geopolymer mixtures with Ms modulus values of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 were prepared and tested. The mixture with a modulus of 1.2 Ms, achieving a compressive strength of 56.53 MPa, a flexural strength of 3.54 MPa, and a flow diameter of 57 cm, was chosen for beam production due to its optimal workability and strength. After mechanical and workability tests, SEM analysis was performed to evaluate its internal structure. For evaluating the bond performance of GFRP bars, 12 geopolymer beam specimens were prepared, incorporating varying fiber types (chopped glass fiber or basalt fiber) and embedment lengths (5 & Oslash; or 20 & Oslash;). Hinged beam tests revealed that the bond strengths of glass and basalt fiber-added mixtures were up to 49% and 37% higher than that of the control geopolymer concrete, respectively. It was concluded that incorporating fibers positively influenced the bond between geopolymer concrete and GFRP bars, with glass fibers proving more effective than basalt fibers. These findings enhance the understanding of bond mechanisms between GFRP bars and geopolymer concrete, emphasizing their potential for sustainable and durable construction in both industrial and scientific applications.Öğe Comparative Study of Pectin and Kappa-Carrageenan-Based Films Loaded With Boswellic Acid and Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid for Active Packaging(Wiley, 2025) Shah, Yasir Abbas; Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Tarahi, Mohammad; Khan, Talha Shireen; Alam, Tanveer; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent YurdaerActive packaging is crucial for extending shelf life, maintaining food quality, and reducing reliance on synthetic preservatives by preventing spoilage, oxidation, and microbial contamination. In this study, boswellic acid (BA) and acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) were isolated from the oleo-gum resin of Boswellia sacra and incorporated into the pectin and kappa-carrageenan-based films for active packaging. The fabricated films were analyzed to examine the effect of these active compounds on the mechanical, optical, barrier, chemical, structural, hydrophobic, and antioxidant properties. The incorporation of AKBA and BA into the films resulted in a decrease in transparency and tensile strength; however, the elongation at break did not show any significant variations. The film samples exhibited improved antioxidant properties as confirmed by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. The Delta E value represented the overall color difference in AKBA- and BA-loaded films as compared with the blank film sample. The FTIR spectrum of AKBA- and BA-loaded films exhibited shifts and intensity changes, suggesting the intermolecular interaction within the film matrix. Moreover, the water contact angle measurements revealed that the films containing AKBA showed a noticeable increase in contact angles, reflecting an enhancement in hydrophobicity. The current study offers a valuable approach for developing active packaging films with potential applications in food packaging.Öğe Life cycle assessment of black tea production and consumption in Türkiye: Insights from waste management scenarios(Elsevier, 2025) Uctug, Fehmi Gorkem; Ediger, Volkan S.; Kucuker, Mehmet Ali; Berk, Istemi stemi; Inan, Ali; Tugcu, MelisaThis study conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) of tea production and consumption in T & uuml;rkiye, the world leader in per capita tea consumption. Aiming to identify environmental hotspots and propose sustainable solutions, a cradle-to-grave LCA was performed using CCaLC2 software, CML methodology, and the Ecoinvent 3.0 database. It covers cultivation, processing, transportation, and consumption stages, focusing on key environmental indicators like carbon footprint and acidification potential. The results reveal that consumption dominates the environmental footprint (91%) due to energy-intensive brewing methods. Cultivation and transportation contribute minimally (4% each). This highlights the need for promoting energy-efficient brewing practices and consumer adoption of renewable energy sources. The study also explores the environmental implications of different waste management strategies. Composting emerged as the most beneficial approach for reducing the carbon footprint and photochemical oxidants creation, while incineration might be preferable for other impact categories. This study underscores the importance of addressing energy consumption during tea brewing and encouraging renewable energy use among consumers. Additionally, it promotes composting as a crucial waste management strategy for a more sustainable tea value chain in T & uuml;rkiye. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, industry players, and tea drinkers to make informed decisions that minimize environmental impact.Öğe Comparative Aerodynamic Analysis and Parallel Performance of 2D CFD Simulations of a VAWT Using Sliding Mesh Interface Method(Wiley, 2025) Onel, Hueseyin Can; Adam, Ali Ata; Uzol, Nilay SezerWith rapid advancements in computer hardware and numerical modeling methods, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has gained prominence in simulating complex flows. As parallel computation becomes an industry standard, the computational efficiency of simulations has become critical. The flow around a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), characterized by complex dynamics and challenging rotating geometry, serves as an intriguing case for CFD studies. This study employs the open-source CFD solvers SU2 and OpenFOAM to simulate the incompressible, unsteady, and turbulent flow around an H-type Darrieus VAWT in two dimensions. Spatial and temporal discretization parameters are examined to balance computational cost and accuracy, revealing notable effects on power predictions. Simulations conducted under identical conditions allow for a comparison of the predictions and parallel performances of SU2 and OpenFOAM across three distinct tip speed ratios (TSRs). The findings show that discretization parameters behave differently at various TSRs. While power predictions from SU2 and OpenFOAM generally align with experimental data and with each other, discrepancies arise at lower TSRs, with thrust predictions showing better consistency. Although OpenFOAM provides a faster solution across all parallel configurations, SU2 demonstrates superior parallel scalability, achieving higher speedup and efficiency.Öğe Production and Shielding Effectiveness Features of Chopped Strands Backed-GdMnO3 Composites for 6.5-17.5 GHz Applications(MDPI, 2025) Emek, Mehriban; Sahin, Ethem Ilhan; Ibrahim, Jamal Eldin F. M.This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of GdMnO3/chopped strands composites using the conventional oxide mixing technique. A single-phase GdMnO3 compound was successfully formed through sintering at 1350 degrees C for 20 h. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed phase purity and uniform grain morphology. The microwave shielding effectiveness of GdMnO3/chopped strands composites was evaluated within the 6.5-17.5 GHz frequency range using a network analyzer (NA). The GdMnO3/chopped strands composite with a 60-40% weight ratio exhibited superior shielding performance, achieving a minimum shielding effectiveness of -35.61 dB at 6.9 GHz, while the 80-20% composite reached -32.54 dB at 16.74 GHz. Both compositions demonstrated shielding effect values below -10 dB across wide frequency bands, with significant attenuation below -20 dB at various GHz ranges. The study demonstrates that by adjusting the content of the components in the samples, the microwave shielding effect performance of the GdMnO3/chopped strands composites can be easily controlled to meet the requirements of specific frequency bands. These findings highlight the potential of GdMnO3-based composites for tailored microwave shielding applications, particularly in the military, aerospace, and telecommunication industries.Öğe Compact metasurface antenna for Sub-6 GHz applications with isolated n77/n78 bands using CSRR(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2025) Varshney, Atul; Kumar, Satyam; Gencoglan, Duygu Nazan; Tiwari, Satyam; Ara, Shabnam; Elfergani, Issa; Zebiri, Chemseddine; Rodriguez, JonathanA compact (0.35 lambda 0 x 0.35 lambda 0 where lambda 0 is free space wavelength at the lower resonance frequency 3.50 GHz) bio-inspired tulip flower-shaped antenna (TFSA) is proposed. A double negative (DNG) metamaterial complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) is introduced near the feed in the hybrid triangular-circular patch which inserts a notch-band (4.20-4.38 GHz) in the wide bandwidth (3.15-7.05 GHz) and makes the antenna response dual-band. Consequently, this results in in-band interference reduction in 5G-Sub-6 GHz applications. A slotted FSS is placed at a distance of 28.507 mm beneath the monopole-reduced ground of the antenna to enhance the reduced gain from 4.39 dBi to 7.22 dBi. A further gain is improved to 12.84 dBi by placing a full copper surface (0.35 lambda 0 x 0.35 lambda 0 ) as the reflector layer is placed below FSS at 1.6 mm. Finally, prototyped TFSA with FSS and reflector model achieve a dual bands reflection coefficient response (3.15-4.20 GHz): n77/n78, and (4.38-7.03 GHz): n46/n47/n96/n102/n79. The antenna reflection coefficient is tested using Keysight 14 GHz FieldFox Microwave Analyzer N9916A, and radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane are measured using an 18 GHz anechoic chamber. The comparison of simulated results with measured results is found an excellent match in bandwidth and with shapes of gain radiation patterns. The reflector and FSS jointly make the radiation pattern strong in the E-plane above the TFSA radiator. The antenna is well suited for n77/n78 (3.30-4.20 GHz), n79(4.40-4.99 GHz), n46 (5150-5925 MHz), n47 (5855-5925 MHz), n96/n102 (5925-6425 MHz), 5.8 GHz HiperLAN, WiMAX 3.5 GHz applications. An electrical equivalent circuit model of the proposed TFSA antenna is presented and validated using ADS software.Öğe Exploring pilot scale ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction of organic acids and phytochemicals from brown seaweed Alaria esculenta(Elsevier, 2025) Das, Rahel Suchintita; Tiwari, Brijesh K.; Selli, Serkan; Kelebek, Hasim; Garcia-Vaquero, MarcoThis study investigates ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) technologies - both applied individually (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) and simultaneously (ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE)) for extracting bioactive compounds from a brown seaweed Alaria esculenta. This research emphasizes sustainability by using wet biomass and water for extraction. Employing a range of power (336-1340 W (MW); 50-200 W (US)) and time (5-20 min) conditions, the study evaluates multiple phytochemicals as well as antioxidant activities in the obtained extracts. The highest total soluble carbohydrate contents (32.68 mg glucose equivalents (GE)/100 mg extract) were achieved by UAE (200 W, 20 min). UMAE (50 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 10 min) had the highest levels of total phenolic contents (2.07 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mg extract) and FRAP (38.36 mu M Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg extract). The highest protein content (15.62 +/- 1.69 bovine serum albumin equivalents (BSAE) mg/100 mg extract) was recorded by UMAE (100 W (US), 1340 W (MW), 20 min). MAE (1340 W, 20 min) achieved the highest levels of succinic (7.52 mg/g extract) and lactic acids (39.08 mg/g extract), while UMAE (670 W (MW), 100 W (US), 5 min) extracted the highest amounts of malic (3.02 mg/g extract) and alpha-ketoglutaric acids (2.41 mg/g extract). Lactic acid, followed by pyruvic acid was the major organic acid present in the extracts. Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed increased cell damage in the biomass by all the treatments, with higher levels of surface roughness and enlarged pores appreciated after UMAE. Hence, this work being among the first to demonstrate US and MW application, both individually and simultaneously, on Alaria esculenta, utilizing an integrated commercially available pilot-scale system and a green extraction solvent, sheds light on the extraction of valuable phytochemicals including underexplored organic acids which hold immense potential for diverse applications.Öğe Expanding the role of exosomes in drug, biomolecule, and nanoparticle delivery(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Saka, Ongun Mehmet; Dora, Devrim Demir; Kibar, Gunes; Tevlek, AtakanExosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles released by diverse cell types, serving essential functions in intercellular communication and physiological processes. These vesicles have garnered considerable interest in recent years for their potential as drug delivery systems, attributed to their natural origin, minimal immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and capacity to traverse biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier. Exosomes can be obtained from diverse biological fluids, rendering them accessible and versatile vehicles for therapeutic medicines. This study emphasizes the burgeoning significance of exosomes in drug administration, concentrating on their benefits, including improved stability, target selectivity, and the capacity to encapsulate various biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Notwithstanding their potential applications, other problems remain, including as effective drug loading, industrial scalability, and the standardization of isolation methodologies. Overcoming these hurdles via new research is essential for fully harnessing the promise of exosomes in therapeutic applications, especially in the treatment of intricate diseases like cancer and neurological disorders.Öğe Adaptive Hierarchical Multi-Headed Convolutional Neural Network With Modified Convolutional Block Attention for Aerial Forest Fire Detection(IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2025) Mowla, Md. Najmul; Asadi, Davood; Masum, Shamsul; Rabie, KhaledEffective detection and classification of forest fire imagery are critical for timely and efficient wildfire management. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have demonstrated potential in this domain but encounter limitations when addressing varying scales, resolutions, and complex spatial dependencies inherent in wildfire datasets. Building upon our prior work on the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-based Forest Fire Database (UAVs-FFDB) and the multi-headed CNN (MHCNN), this study introduces a novel architecture, namely, the Adaptive Hierarchical Multi-Headed Convolutional Neural Network with Modified Convolutional Block Attention Module (AHMHCNN-mCBAM). This enhanced framework addresses prior challenges by integrating adaptive pooling, concatenated convolutions for multi-scale feature extraction, and an improved attention mechanism incorporating shared fully connected layers, Glorot initialization, rectified linear units (ReLU), layer normalization, and attention-gating. AHMHCNN-mCBAM incorporates Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks for temporal context modeling to further refine classification accuracy. Experiments conducted on the UAVs-FFDB dataset achieved outstanding results, including 100% accuracy, a 100% Cohen's kappa coefficient (cKappa), and compact model parameter sizes of 1.49 million (M), 0.25 M, and 0.12 M. On the Fire Luminosity Airborne-based Machine Learning Evaluation (FLAME) dataset, the model attained accuracy rates of 99.83%, 99.10%, and 99.32%, with corresponding cKappa values of 99.66%, 98.20%, and 98.65%. Compared to the baseline hierarchical MHCNN with CBAM (HMHCNN-CBAM), AHMHCNN-mCBAM demonstrated significant performance gains, including a 6.80% and 6.59% increase in accuracy, a 9.26% and 14.11% improvement in cKappa, and a 13.87% and 13.76% reduction in parameter size on the UAVs-FFDB and FLAME datasets, respectively. Additionally, AHMHCNN-mCBAM outperformed HMHCNN-CBAM in recall (25% improvement), precision (21.95%), F1-score (14.94%), and fire detection rate (FDR) reduction (25.01%), while achieving a 100% reduction in error warning rate (EWR). Leveraging Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques, the model provides interpretable insights into decision-making processes.Öğe An Investigation of the Usability of Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag-Additive Construction Demolition Waste as Filling Material(MDPI, 2025) Sarici, Talha; Geckil, Tacettin; Ok, Bahadir; Aksoy, Huseyin SuhaIn this study, the usability of construction and demolition waste (CDW) aggregates as filling when stabilized with alkaline activator solution (AAS) and blast furnace slag (BFS) was investigated. The initial stage of this study involved determining the engineering properties of CDW by laboratory experiments. In the next stage, modified Proctor tests were performed to investigate the compaction behavior of CDW, to which 5% to 30% BFS was added with water or AAS. In the following stage, California bearing ratio experiments were performed to determine the mixture specimen with the highest strength. In the final stage, a weak soil layer was created in a test tank, and fillings of different thicknesses were built on it using CDW with and without additives in the determined optimum mixing ratio. Then, plate-loading tests were conducted using a model foundation to evaluate the load-deformation behavior of the fillings. The study's results indicated that adding BFS with water or AAS to CDW increased strength. Furthermore, the addition of 20% BFS yielded the highest strength value, and the CDW aggregates with the added BFS increased the ultimate bearing capacity by up to 4.72 times compared to those without the additive.Öğe Molecular Weight-Dependent Boron Release Effect in PVA/Chitosan Cryogels and In Vitro Mineralization Evaluations by Osteoblast Cells(Wiley, 2025) Ceylan, Seda; Arici, Sule; Ege, Duygu; Yang, YingCryogels were fabricated by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan of varying molecular weights (Mw). In this study, the effects of chitosan Mw, types of boron-containing molecules on network formation, and boron release rate in resulted cryogels were investigated. The PVA/chitosan blend maintained a constant 4.5% (w/v) polymer content. PVA to chitosan weight ratio of 6:1 was maintained and fixed. Five percent w/w boric acid and borax (sodium tetraborate) crosslinkers were added in PVA and chitosan mixtures to construct cryogels. The freeze-dried specimens underwent crosslinking evaluation, chemical composition analysis by FTIR, and boron release studies by ICP-MS. The pore morphology and the swelling capacity of the cryogel have been assessed by SEM and incubation in water, respectively. Mechanical test was also used to evaluate the effect of borax and Mw of chitosan on cryogels' mechanical properties. It was demonstrated that the types of boron supply had a significant role on the cryogelation capability. For different chitosan Mw, the cryogels made using borax showed stable cryogels. In contrast, even after altering the chitosan Mw, the formula with boric acid was unable to create stable cryogels. In addition, boron release assay showed that the quantity of free boron in the incubation solutions decreased as the Mw of the chitosan component of the cryogel was reduced. Cell culture studies with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells in the cryogels indicated that borax-crosslinked samples exhibited sustained cell viability. Alizarin red staining assay was used to study mineralization capacity of boron-containing hydrogels, which confirmed increase of mineralization in low molecular weight chitosan groups.
