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Öğe A bi-layer electrospun polyurethane/silicone membrane scaffold: drug delivery and cytotoxicity studies(Indian Acad Sciences, 2023) Mohsenzadeh, Elham; Demir, Didem; Ceylan, Seda; Khenoussi, Nabyl; Schacher, Laurence; Adolphe, Dominique; Bolgen, NimetIn this study, a bi-layer scaffold combining polyurethane nanofibrous and silicone membrane layers was produced. Chemical, morphological and physical properties of the scaffolds were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses, respectively. The surface properties were examined with the contact angle test. To evaluate the encapsulation and release behaviour of the scaffolds Rhodamine B and Nile red were used as model drugs. Further, the cytotoxicity and cell proliferation investigations were carried out using mouse embryonic fibroblasts cell lines. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and SEM were used to investigate the cell viability and cell-scaffold interactions, respectively. The results of the study were evaluated in order to develop a bimodal drug release system that has the potential to be used in tissue engineering applications.Öğe A new application of avocado oil to enrich the biological activities of polycaprolactone membranes for tissue engineering(Wiley, 2024) Yurtsever, Merve Capkin; Aydogan, Selin; Iyigundogdu, Zeynep; Comertpay, Alican; Demir, Didem; Ceylan, SedaThe metabolites synthesized by plants to protect themselves serves as natural antimicrobial agents used in biomaterials. In this study, avocado oil (AO), was incorporated as a plant source and natural antimicrobial agent into polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes. The effects of varying AO ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt%.-PCL@25AO, PCL@50AO, PCL@100AO) on PCL membrane morphology, chemical structure, wettability, antimicrobial activity, and cell viabilities were investigated. It was demonstrated that the AO acts as a pore-forming agent in solvent-casted membranes. Young's modulus of the membranes varied between 602.68 and 31.92 MPa and more flexible membranes were obtained with increasing AO content. Inhibition zones of AO were recorded between 7.86 and 13.97 mm against clinically relevant microbial strains including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Antimicrobial activity of AO was retained in PCL membranes at all ratios. Resazurin assay indicated that PCL@25AO membranes were cytocompatible with mouse fibroblast cells (L929 cell line) on day 6 showing 72.4% cell viability with respect to neat PCL membranes. Viability results were supported by scanning electron microscopy images and DAPI staining. The overall results of this study highlight the potential of PCL@25AO membranes as a biomaterial with antimicrobial properties, cytocompatibility, and mechanical strength suitable for various biomedical applications. imageÖğe A review on three dimensional scaffolds for tumor engineering(Techno-Press, 2016) Ceylan, Seda; Bolgen, NimetTwo-dimensional (2D) cell culture and in vivo cancer model systems have been used to understand cancer biology and develop drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Although cell culture and in vivo model studies have provided critical contribution about disease mechanism, these models present important problems. 2D tissue culture models lack of three dimensional (3D) structure, while animal models are expensive, time consuming, and inadequate to reflect human tumor biology. Up to the present, scaffolds and 3D matrices have been used for many different clinical applications in regenerative medicine such as heart valves, corneal implants and artificial cartilage. While tissue engineering has focused on clinical applications in regenerative medicine, scaffolds can be used in in vitro tumor models to better understand tumor relapse and metastasis. Because 3D in vitro models can partially mimic the tumor microenvironment as follows. This review focuses on different scaffold production techniques and polymer types for tumor model applications in cancer tissue engineering and reports recent studies about in vitro 3D polymeric tumor models including breast, ewing sarcoma, pancreas, oral, prostate and brain cancers.Öğe An in vitro evaluation of Genipin-crosslinked and Hypericum perforatum incorporated novel membranes for skin tissue engineering applications(Wiley, 2021) Ceylan, SedaIncorporating medicinal plant extracts in membranes have a great potential as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications or vehicles for delivering therapeutic agents. Herein, Hypericum perforatum oil (0.25, 0.50, % vol/vol) loaded membranes were developed with Polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan polymer, where Genipin works as a chemical crosslinker to obtain a wound dressing material with acceptable characterization properties. Chemical groups, surface morphology, water uptake capacity, water vapor permeability rate, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of membranes were thoroughly investigated. Increasing oil concentration had a significant effect on the water uptake, surface morphology. and water vapor permeability rate of the membranes. Cytocompatibility of the membrane was also investigated with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for direct and indirect cell culture studies. SEM was used to investigate the cell morphology on the membranes. The MTT assay findings prove that Genipin crosslinked H. perforatum oil loaded scaffolds are highly biocompatible and enhance the adhesion and proliferation of MEF cells. In addition to this, the genotoxicity test was performed to show DNA fragmentation. Results showed that the H. perforatum oil loaded polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan membrane presents suitable properties for potential skin tissue engineering applications.Öğe Antimicrobial activity enhancement of PVA/chitosan films with the additive of CZTS quantum dots(Springer, 2023) Ceylan, Seda; Kucukosman, Ridvan; Yurt, Fatma; Ozel, Derya; Oztuerk, Ismail; Demir, Didem; Ocakoglu, KasimThe wound environment is a breeding ground for pathogens, and traditional wound dressing materials lack antibacterial properties. In this work, we aimed to develop PVA/chitosan (P/C)-based wound dressing scaffolds with anti-infective properties using Cu2ZnSnS4 quantum dots (CZTS QDs) to prevent infections in the wound. CZTS quantum dots were prepared by a simple hydrothermal process and characterized using appropriate techniques such as TEM, XRD, FTIR spectrum, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. CZTS QDs were subsequently loaded at different concentrations onto PVA/chitosan membranes (0, 1.6, 2.5 and 3.3% w/w, based on the total polymer quantity). The chemical structure, contact angle and mechanical properties of the membranes were analyzed, and their antimicrobial activities and cell viability were also investigated. The cytocompatibility of the membranes and cell morphology was investigated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and SEM. Based on studies on the interactions between membranes and cells, it was determined that incorporation of CZTS QDs into the membrane did not cause toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on loading CZTS QDs into membranes for tissue engineering applications, and the overall findings suggest that CZTS QDs-integrated membranes might have potentially appealing uses as antimicrobial films for wound healing.Öğe Assessment of chitosan:gum tragacanth cryogels for tissue engineering applications(Wiley, 2022) Demir, Didem; Ugurlu, Muge Asik; Ceylan, Seda; Sakim, Burcu; Genc, Rukan; Bolgen, NimetGum tragacanth is one of the most widely used natural gums in food, medicine, cosmetics and personal care products, and its use as polysaccharide-based scaffolds in tissue engineering applications has attracted great attention in recent years. The fabrication of pure gum tragacanth as a scaffold poses many challenges because of the high viscosity, poor mechanical properties and repulsive interaction between the polyanions. To overcome these, facilitate the formation of scaffolds and improve their final properties, chitosan and gum tragacanth were used together as natural, biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharides. The scaffolds based on chitosan and gum tragacanth were successfully fabricated through cryotropic gelation and were characterized using different chemical, morphological, mechanical and biocompatibility analyses. All cryogel scaffolds exhibited a porous structure with an average diameter of 96.56-30.21 mu m, exhibiting high liquid absorption capacity, appropriate mechanical stability and controlled degradation behavior. According to the biocompatibility results, mouse embryonic fibroblast cells adhered well to the scaffolds and achieved high viability. The results are also discussed in the light of their potential usefulness as a scaffold for tissue engineering applications. (c) 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.Öğe Biologically active sodium pentaborate pentahydrate and Hypericum perforatum oil loaded polyvinyl alcohol: chitosan membranes(Elsevier, 2024) Oztas, Necla; Kara, Eray; Demir, Didem; Yetkin, Derya; Ceylan, Seda; Iyiguendogdu, ZeynepIn this study, sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (NaB) and Hypericum perforatum (HP) oil were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CH) polymer blend to obtain membranes by solution casting method. In order to see the synergistic effects of NaB and HP oil on the biological and physical properties of the membranes NaB and HP oil were incorporated into membrane matrix in different ratios. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that no significant bond formation between the bioactive components and the PVA:CH matrix. According to mechanical test results, Young's Modulus and elongation at break decreased from 426 MPa to 346 MPa and 52.23 % to 15.11 % for neat PVA:CH membranes and NaB and HP oil incorporated PVA:CH (PVA:CH@35NaB:HP) membranes, respectively. Antimicrobial activity tests have shown the membranes were over 99 % effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, underlining their potential for infection control. Cytocompatibility assay performed with Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDFa) cells highlight the biocompatibility of the membranes, revealing 74.84 % cell viability after 72 h. The properties of NaB and HP oil doped PVA:CH based membranes obtained from these experiments reveal the promise of a versatile membrane for applications in wound healing, tissue engineering and other biomedical fields.Öğe Chitosan based injectable cryospheres as a potential biopolymeric carrier for drug delivery systems: Characterization, biocompatibility and drug release(Elsevier, 2024) Demir, Didem; Ceylan, Seda; Bolgen, NimetThree-dimensional scaffolds with the right design to support cell metabolism and the right physico-chemical, mechanical, and biological qualities have become more interesting for tissue engineering because of the complexity and diversity of the tissues involved. Moreover, three-dimensional scaffolds with tuneable drug delivery capabilities have drawn more attention in the field of soft tissue engineering. In this research, chitosanbased microspheres (called cryospheres) were fabricated in spherical shapes micron-sized with highly interconnected porous structures as a result of combining emulsification and cryogelation methods. The characterization of cryospheres was evaluated using morphological, physicochemical, and biological analyses. According to the results of the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility investigation, the microspheres had no toxic effects on cell survival, and they even enhanced cell viability at the implantation site when compared to the control group. After the cryospheres were characterized, research was done on drug loading, drug release, and release processes using two distinct dyes (Nile Red: NR and Rhodamine-B: RB) in simulated body fluids (simulated intestinal, stomach, and tear fluids). The results showed that the maximum drug loading capacities for RB and NR were 89.32 +/- 1.57 % and 61.51 +/- 0.70 %, respectively. This study contributed to the development of minimally invasive biomaterials that have the potential to provide both drug release and tissue formation/regeneration at damaged implantation sites by carrying not only drugs but also active substances such as hormones/growth factors that will trigger new tissue formation.Öğe Comparison of additive effects on the PVA/starch cryogels: Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity studies(Taylor & Francis As, 2018) Ceylan, Seda; Gokturk, Dilek; Demir, Didem; Ozdemir, M. Damla; Bolgen, NimetThe research goal of this study is to produce suitable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Different ratios of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch (90:10, 70:30, 50:50) and crosslinking methods have been used to prepare cryogels. Chemically crosslinked cryogels were synthesized using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. For the physically crosslinked cryogels, sodium dodecyl sulfate was used during cryogelation as the foaming agent. Chemical structure and pore morphology were demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Swelling ratio and degradation profile of the scaffolds were also determined. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and SEM were used to investigate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds and cell morphology. Genotoxicity test was performed to show DNA fragmentation. The overall results demonstrated that PVA/starch cryogels could have potentially appealing application as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and additives affect the architecture and characteristic properties of the cryogels. [GRAPHICS] .Öğe Composite Cryogels for Drug Delivery Applications: A Preliminary Study with Dye as a Model Drug(2023) Demir, Didem; Ceylan, Seda; Bölgen, NimetCryogels are suitable candidates to be used as drug release systems due to their interconnected pore structures, high surface areas, high liquid absorption capacities, and elasticity. With this purpose, we aimed to produce a cryogel structure to be used in drug release applications with the approach of tissue engineering. As biodegradable and biocompatible polymers chitosan and gelation were selected. The cryogels were fabricated using the combination of these polymers in the presence of glutaraldehyde under cryogenic conditions. The produced optimum gel scaffold was first characterized using FTIR, SEM, porosity, swelling ability, and degradation analyses. Successfully crosslinked gels exhibited an interconnected pore structure with an average pore diameter of 52.95 µm. As a result of the examination of the time-dependent weight change, it was also revealed that the cryogels have a liquid absorption capacity of about 500 times their dry weight and are biodegradable. The mainly characterized cryogel sample was evaluated for potential drug loading and release applications using methyl orange (MO) as a model drug. Gels, which swell in a short time, absorb the dye quickly and the cumulative release of the dye indicates that the gels are suitable for extended-release systems.Öğe Development of antimicrobial nanocomposite scaffolds via loading CZTSe quantum dots for wound dressing applications(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2022) Ceylan, Seda; Sert, Buse; Yurt, Fatma; Tuncel, Ayca; Ozturk, Ismail; Demir, Didem; Ocakoglu, KasimThe antimicrobial properties of scaffolds designed for use in wound healing are accepted as an important factor in the healing process to accelerate the wound healing process without causing inflammation. For this purpose, chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol composite membranes loaded with Cu2ZnSnSe4 quantum dots (CZTSe QDs) as an antibacterial and cytocompatible biomaterial to regulate the wound healing process were produced. CZTSe QDs particles were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Polymer-based nanocomposites with different concentrations of the synthesized nanoparticles were produced by the solvent casting method. After detailed physicochemical and morphological characterizations of CZTSe QDs and composite membranes, antibacterial activities and cell viability were extensively investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial and yeast strains, and L929 mouse fibroblast cells lines, respectively. The results show that the preparation of composite scaffolds at a QDs concentration of 3.3% by weight has the best antimicrobial activity. Composite scaffold membranes, which can be obtained as a result of an easy production process, are thought to have great potential applications in tissue engineering as wound dressing material due to their high mechanical properties, wettability, strong antibacterial properties and non-toxicity.Öğe Development of Boron-Containing PVA-Based Cryogels with Controllable Boron Releasing Rate and Altered Influence on Osteoblasts(Mdpi, 2023) Ceylan, Seda; Dimmock, Ryan; Yang, YingCryogel formation is an effective approach to produce porous scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, cryogelation was performed to produce boron-containing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. A combination of the synthetic polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and the natural polymers, chitosan and starch, was used to formulate the cryogels. Boron was used with a dual purpose: as an additive to alter gelation properties, and to exploit its bioactive effect since boron has been found to be involved in several metabolic pathways, including the promotion of bone growth. This project designs a fabrication protocol enabling the competition of both physical and chemical cross-linking reactions in the cryogels using different molecular weight PVA and borax content (boron source). Using a high ratio of high-molecular-weight PVA resulted in the cryogels exhibiting greater mechanical properties, a lower degradation rate (0.6-1.7% vs. 18-20%) and a higher borax content release (4.98 vs. 1.85, 1.08 nanomole) in contrast to their counterparts with low-molecular-weight PVA. The bioactive impacts of the released borax on cellular behaviour were investigated using MG63 cells seeded into the cryogel scaffolds. It was revealed that the borax-containing scaffolds and their extracts induced MG63 cell migration and the formation of nodule-like aggregates, whilst cryogel scaffolds without borax did not. Moreover, the degradation products of the scaffolds were analysed through the quantification of boron release by the curcumin assay. The impact on cellular response in a scratch assay confirmed that borax released by the scaffold into media (similar to 0.4 mg/mL) induced bone cell migration, proliferation and aggregation. This study demonstrated that boron-containing three-dimensional PVA/starch-chitosan scaffolds can potentially be used within bone tissue engineering applications.Öğe Effect of crosslinking methods on the structure and biocompatibility of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin cryogels(Ios Press, 2016) Ceylan, Seda; Gokturk, Dilek; Bolgen, NimetIn this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin based cryogels were prepared by crosslinking chemically or physically for tissue engineering applications. Different PVA/Gelatin ratios (100: 0, 90: 10, 70: 30, 50: 50) and crosslinking methods have been used to prepare cryogels; chemical and physical structure of the prepared matrices were analysed by FTIR and SEM; swelling and degradation profiles were followed. Chemical and physical crosslinking was obtained by using glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and by applying freeze thawing cycle, respectively. Gelatin concentration and crosslinking method had significant effect on the pore size, swelling ratio and degradation profiles of the cryogels. Biocompatibility of the cryogels were also investigated by MTT assay. SEM was used to investigate the cell morphology on the scaffolds. The MTT assay findings prove that physically crosslinked PVA/Gelatin scaffolds are more biocompatible and enhance more the adhesion and proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF) than chemically crosslinked PVA/Gelatin scaffolds. The overall results demonstrated that, the PVA/Gelatin cyrogels as a suitable biomaterial for tissue engineering applications and crosslinking methods affect the architecture and characteristic properties of the cryogels.Öğe Effect of polymer concentration in cryogelation of gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol) scaffolds(Techno-Press, 2019) Ceylan, Seda; Demir, Didem; Gul, Gulsah; Bolgen, NimetThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of total polymer concentration on the chemical structure, morphology of pores, porosity, swelling ratio, degradation of gelatin-poly (vinyl alcohol) (Gel-PVA) cryogel scaffolds. Porous cryogels were prepared with cryogelation technique by using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Functional group composition of cryogels after crosslinking was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The morphology of cryogels was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis. All of the cryogels had a porous structure with an average pore size between 45.58 +/- 14.28 and 50.14 +/- 4.26 mu m. The cryogels were biodegradable and started to degrade in 14 days. As the polymer concentration increased the swelling ratio, the porosity and the degradation rate decreased. Spongy and mechanically stable Gel-PVA cryogels, with tunable properties, can be potential candidates as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.Öğe Electrospun Composite Nanofibers Based on Poly (epsilon-Caprolactone) and Styrax Liquidus (Liquidambar orientalis Miller) as a Wound Dressing: Preparation, Characterization, Biological and Cytocompatibility Results(Springer, 2022) Demir, Didem; Ozdemir, Sadin; Ceylan, Seda; Yalcin, M. Serkan; Sakim, Burcu; Bolgen, NimetIn this study, styrax liquidus (sweet gum balsam) extracted from Liquidambar orientalis Mill. incorporated PCL fibrous scaffolds were prepared using the electrospinning method. The effects of the styrax liquidus content on the prepared scaffolds were investigated using different physico-chemical and morphological analyses. Then, the styrax-loaded nanofibers were examined for their antioxidant activity, anti-biofilm, metal chelating, antimicrobial and DNA cleavage properties. The results obtained from these studies showed that the nanofibers exhibited effective biological activity depending on the weight ratio of the styrax liquidus. In light of the data obtained from the characterization and biological studies, a sample with high ratio of balsam was built for determining the cytocompatibility analysis in vitro. The cytotoxicity studies of the selected membrane were conducted using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The fibrous scaffolds lead to increase the cell number as a result of high viability. According to the results, we propose a novel biocompatible electrospun hybrid scaffold with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that can be used as wound healing material for potential tissue engineering applications.Öğe Enhanced Antimicrobial Properties of Scaffolds for Wound Healing Applications(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2023) Orta, Necla; Kara, Eray; Lyigundogdu, Zeynep; Ceylan, Seda[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Evaluation of PVA/Chitosan cryogels as potential tissue engineering scaffolds; synthesis, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity investigations(Turkish Chemical Society, 2021) Ceylan, Seda; Alatepeli, BurcuCryogelation has become an advantageous method to obtain macro-porous materials with well-defined, interconnected pores for tissue engineering applications. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan polymers (PVA-CHI) were used to produce cryogel scaffolds via cryogelation. Glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinking agent and the effect of crosslinking amount on the properties of scaffolds investigated. Glutaraldehyde amount was divided into 5, 10, and 15% total amount of polymer concentration. The optimized pore morphology was obtained as a scaffold containing 5% glutaraldehyde amount. In addition to the FTIR, SEM, swelling, and degradation analyses, mechanical tests were performed to present the characterization properties of the cryogels. Direct and indirect cytotoxicity test and genotoxicity experiments were performed with Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEF). In addition, cell morphologies on scaffolds were analyzed with SEM. The results showed that PVA-CHI based cryogels had no genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on MEF cells and have a potential for tissue engineering applications. © 2021, Turkish Chemical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Extraction of pectin from albedo of lemon peels for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds(Springer, 2021) Demir, Didem; Ceylan, Seda; Gokturk, Dilek; Bolgen, NimetPectin is a type of anionic polysaccharide naturally found in a number of fruits and vegetables. Although pectin is widely used for food industry, its biomedical applications such as wound dressing, drug delivery and cancer targeting have also been investigated. In our study, we combined extracted pectin (from albedo of lemon peels) with chitosan (as a natural polymer) to synthesize chitosan/pectin cryogels. The extracted pectin was subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses. Chitosan/pectin spongy supermacroporous cryogels were produced by cryogelation method at different combinations (100:0, 80:20, 60:40 and 40:60, w/w). Polyelectrolyte interactions between pectin and chitosan and crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde were verified by using FTIR. The porosity, swelling ratio, degradation behaviors and mechanical properties of cryogels were determined. SEM analysis demonstrated the pore morphology and average pore diameters of cryogels. After all analysis, 40:60 chitosan/pectin cryogel was selected for cytotoxicity studies. Glioblastoma (U-87 MG) cell line was used to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of scaffolds. MTT assay and SEM analyses demonstrated the scaffolds were nontoxic, and supported cell attachment and viability.Öğe GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES LOADED PVA/STARCH CRYOGEL SCAFFOLDS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES(Univ North, 2019) Demir, Didem; Ceylan, Seda; Gul, Gulsah; Iyigundogdu, Zeynep; Bolgen, NimetIn this study, Polyvinyl alcohol/Starch (PVA/Starch) cryogel scaffolds were combined with antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the antimicrobial properties of composite scaffolds were determined for potential in tissue engineering applications. The porous PVA/Starch scaffolds were prepared by cryogelation technique. The nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis from Aloe barbadensis leaf extract and characterized. The antibacterial, antifungal and antiyeast properties of AgNPs and AgNPs loaded PVA/Starch cryogel scaffolds were investigated. The highest antimicrobial activity of composite scaffold was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on our studies, the results indicate that biodegradable, biocompatible and antimicrobial AgNPs loaded PVA/Starch scaffolds have potential to be used at an infection site in tissue engineering applications.Öğe High-value–added products from microalgae production integrated with bioethanol process(Elsevier, 2023) Ceylan, Seda; Potuk, Kübra; Bayraktar, OguzTwo-third of the earth's biomass is composed of microalgae. In recent years, there has been considerable discussion about the competition between conventional and advanced biofuels based on bioenergy potential. This review studies biomass-based bioethanol production, especially third-generation bioethanol production which is centered on the utilization of marine organisms like algae. In addition to energy utilization microalgae contain vast nutritional compounds for food, feed aquaculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. The overview of this review was to present the general microalgae stock for commercial bioethanol and its high-value components for different applications. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
