Concluding Remarks

The COVID-19 1, 2 pandemic has shattered the world economies. The challenges posed by the pandemic and the impact of new waves have dragged all economic instruments and investors into an uncertain territory. It has resulted in several repercussions like decreasing growth rates, falling demand, supply-chain disruptions and accompanying income inequalities. Despite the time that has passed since the spread of the pandemic, its socio-economic, political, and psychological effects continue to persist, albeit to a lesser extent. Although it is not known when the economies will be able to come out of the post-COVID challenges, there is no doubt that they will be talked about for many years to come. © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shilpa Deo and Fatma Feyza Gündüz; individual chapters, the contributors.