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    Are the compensations given to mining enterprises due to the overlapping with other investments in Turkey enough? Expectations of compensation for profit deprivation
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Generally, there can be very high differences among the alternative investment costs of the other activity which overlaps with mining. This situation can oblige the overlapping of the alternative investments of these activities that overlap with mining in the available location with mining sites due to not being able to be preferred. There is no mistake in shutting down mining activities completely or partially in these kinds of investment overlaps. However, are mining operations, whose activities have been finalized due to not being foreseen beforehand and who experience investment loss, given compensation for profit deprivation and investment losses? Are the investment costs of mining operations covered precisely? In these kinds of investment overlaps in Turkey, particularly license and land use fees of mining enterprises are not paid, compensation for profit deprivation are not paid by considering proved mineral reserve, and investment costs are given only to a limited extent. This situation occurred e.g. in Izmir as a result of the overlapping of 15 mining operations with a highway investment project route. The expectation of mining enterprises in Turkey and the opinion of doctrine considering Turkish Constitution and legislative provisions are that all mining investment losses to met completely and compensation for profit deprivation to met to a certain extent. In the answers given to the question asked for mining enterprises through SurveyMonkey program in 2018, most of the enterprises request that compensation for lost profit is given from the proved reserved to a certain extent due to mineral reserve losses. Along with the available investment costs foreseen in Turkish Mining Regulation, several times more of six-month operating costs determined as profit deprivation in nationalizations can be given to all mining enterprises whose activities are terminated in these investment overlaps. Or, a different method can be applied in the calculation of compensation for profit deprivation. In this method, it is suggested that a new calculation for compensation for profit deprivation shall be made by considering pit sale prices and proved reserves. There are distinctions made as the operations-whose proved reserves are determined according to UMREK, The operations whose proved reserves are not determined according to UMREK (or whose proved reserves determined in mining operating projects), mining enterprise whose proved mineral reserve is determined according to UMREK (congruent with CRIRSCO), or not determined according to UMREK (considered mining operating project in Turkey), open-pit or underground mining operation and mining operation providing or not providing additional added value by processing the minerals in their country and facilities. Considering these differences, it was suggested to apply different compensation rates.
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    Challenges and recovery opportunities in waste management during the mining and enrichment processes of ores containing uranium and thorium - a review
    (Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Miner & Energy Econ Res Inst Pas, 2024) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz; Tombal-Kara, Tugba Deniz
    During the extraction of nuclear raw materials, rare earths and other elements from ores containing uranium and thorium, various types of radioactive waste and some recovery tailings are generated. Mining and ore processing residues, i.e. waste and tailings, present a variety of problems related to waste management. Their bulky structure prevents their disposal underground, and their long radioactive half-life causes various problems with regard to their long-term storage. As a matter of fact, the secondary presence of nuclear raw materials together with other minerals requires compliance with hazardous waste procedures in the storage of waste containing nuclear raw materials after the recovery of these main minerals. It may be possible in the future to recover these nuclear raw materials from stockpiles of stored mine waste. The prospect of imbalances in the global uranium supply and demand increases the importance of secondary sources contributing to the global uranium supply. The increasing importance of secondary sources of nuclear raw materials suggests that more attention should be paid to the recovery of these resources together with primary minerals than in the past. In world literature, there is no review article that describes and discusses the waste management of nuclear raw materials in mining and mineral processing together with the opportunities and obstacles for their recovery. Considering this deficiency in the literature, in this study, the properties of waste and tailings resulting from mining and ore preparation activities of nuclear raw materials are explained, the difficulties encountered are mentioned, and solution suggestions are presented by making use of the literature on the recovery of tailings and waste management.
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    Changes in the salaries of mining engineers as they obtain managerial and OHS specialist positions in Turkey: By what criteria can salaries be increased?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    The duty of the permanent supervisors, each of whom is a mining engineer, is to ensure that the operational activities are conducted efficiently in line with the production plan in the mining enterprises. In addition, ensuring that businesses operate in compliance with OHS is also the supervisors' responsibility. In the event of a mining occupational accident in a mining operation, the enterprise in question encounters large costs. These costs can even lead to the closure or bankruptcy of the operation. Supervisors have a great function in regards to averting the occurrence of these kinds of situations. Considering that supervisors undertake different duties such as management and OHS expertise in mining enterprises in Turkey, it is expected that supervisors will be paid adequately. The supervisors undertaking all these duties make great contributions to companies by helping to make their mining operations suitable for productivity and OHS. In this study, the extent to which the job, working experience, and gender differences of the supervisors in Turkey change their salaries, and the change in their salaries as they obtain managerially and OHS specialist positions were analyzed. In addition, it was determined whether the salaries of the supervisors changed according to the mineral groups and open pit/underground operation methods. Considering the results of this analysis and the general life indexes of the supervisors in the cities they work, the relationship between their salaries and welfare levels was demonstrated. Supervisor salaries are compared with workers' minimum wages and the poverty line. It was tried to find answers to the questions of what kind of increases can be made in their salaries considering the mining operating conditions/economy rather than the reasons for their low wages in their countries. In view of the duties, authorities, and responsibilities of the supervisors in their operations and their role in reducing operating costs, suggestions were made to increase their salaries. Considering the share of supervisors in mining operating costs, choosing persuasive methods for both the government and operations is required. In this direction, a salary increase can be provided to the supervisors by giving a premium over the operating profits or pit sale prices, or a premium can be given to the supervisors if they spend a certain number of days without an occupational accident or stopping the mine.
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    Considering the recent increase in license fees in Turkey, how can the negative effect of the fees on the mining operating costs be reduced?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    In Turkey, for mining enterprises to realize their activities and conduct mining production, they are obliged to pay operating license fees annually. This obligation starts from the date of operating license application, about 1-1.5 years before the enterprises obtain a production permit. In recent years, an increase in the operating license fees has occurred as a result of the amendments made in the mining legislation. These increases made in the fees might become revenue loss in the forthcoming years despite creating an increase in the revenues of the state. In Turkey, according to Law No.7164 came into force in 2019, mineral groups, operating license areas and periods are considered in the calculation of operating license fee. In this direction, these factors in the fee calculation were used in the calculations by means of the answers given by enterprises through SurveyMonkey program. These fees paid to start from the mining operating license application to obtaining an operation permit are included in the investment cost. These costs were proportioned to the investment costs of the enterprises. Fees paid after obtaining an operation permit are operating costs. And, these fees were proportioned to the operating costs of the enterprises. Also, operating license fees per hectare were calculated. All these data were compared for the legislation periods 2005-2015, 2016-2019, 2020 and after in Turkey. An increase of 98% on average on US$ basis has arisen in these fees in 2020 compared to the legislation period 2016-2019 due to the new formula foreseen particularly in the calculation of operating license fees. Also, mining enterprises paid these fees 3.5% more on US$ basis in 2021 compared to 2020 due to the license period being considered in the new calculation formula. Although the rate of increase decreases every year, increases close to this rate will emerge. Mining enterprises should be responsible for the calculation method and conditions of operating license fee that is valid on the date when operating licenses are obtained. And, they should annually pay operating license fees according to this method. Considering that enterprises pay high fees for other land uses too, the increasing license fees should be demanded from enterprises in the direction that they will not create mining cost risk and that the state will charge the optimum fee. If there will not be discounts in the other fees required from enterprises, in line with the expectation of the mining sector, the operating license fee calculation methods in the previous legislation periods can be applied. This fee may not be taken before the operation permit. Or, even if the current operating license fee formula is applied, changes can be made in the critera used in the formula. Within the scope, if permit area is used instead of license area in the calculation, operating license fees will be calculated ~50-55% deducted.
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    Effects of EU-Compliant mining waste regulation on Turkish mining sector: A review of characterization, classification, storage, management, recovery of mineral wastes
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz; Guener, Mehmet Oguz; Kural, Orhan
    Mining Waste Regulation in Turkiye entered into force on 15/07/2015. The important issues envisaged in the Regulation are as follows: Determination of waste characterization and collection of mineral wastes under three groups as hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and inert waste, classification of mineral waste disposal facilities as Category A and Category B, regulations on the management of mineral wastes, waste recovery & financial guarantee. According to this regulation, the wastes generated as a result of mining activities; Although it is foreseen as hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, or inert waste, most of the wastes generated as a result of mining activities are classified as hazardous waste and treated as industrial waste with the Regulation. Obligations that were previously required for the wastes of mines that only required cyanide or chemical treatment have now become desirable for almost all mining wastes with the entry into force of this new regulation. In Turkiye and the European Union, there are many legal regulations regarding wastes, including mining wastes. However, as in the EU, there are serious problems in the management of mining wastes in Turkiye. For this reason, the development of environmentally friendly mining needs to analyze the gaps and mistakes of the Turkish mining waste legislation, which is tried to be based on the EU legislation. Additionally, mineral waste recovery will contribute to the feasibility of mining operations. In this direction, this study has been prepared by reviewing studies published on mining waste legislation. This study discusses mine waste legislation in Turkiye by referring to a few EU regulations that have been taken as examples in the enactment of Mining Waste Regulations in Turkiye and in the enactment of regulations on waste prior to this regulation. The study includes information and discussions in the direction that the authorities that prepare and implement mining waste legislation in the world can benefit from. In line with the feasibility of mining investments, the suggestions of the mining industry and the doctrine on mining waste legislation are included.
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    Effects of the private land acquisition process and costs on mining enterprises before mining operation activities in Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    According to the mining legislation in Turkey, different permits must be obtained from the authorized institutions or to reach an agreement with a private landowner according to whether there is private or public land for mining. If the landowner and the mining investor do not agree, the expropriation is conducted if the public interest is observed in the mining operation. There is no doubt that the rights of landowners should be adequately ensured by legislation. However, there are cases where land ownership problems cannot be solved in areas that overlap with mining areas and are subject to private ownership. The expropriation permit process may sometimes last 1.5-2 years. Therefore, mining enterprises are unable to start production activities and risk losing their investments. Especially for the reasons related to private landowners and experts, private land acquisition/expropriation costs for mining activities are quite high compared with the market. To identify and produce solutions to the legal problems in Turkey, in May, June, and July of 2018, a survey study was conducted to ask mining enterprises about their problems in private land acquisition and the costs for them. The mining sector in Turkey expects that all applicable legislations will be proposed in a manner that does not waste the time of the mining investor and that the private land acquisition/expropriation costs will be reduced in a manner that does not pose a risk of mining investment. In this respect, the ratio of expropriation costs to the mining investment amount (MIA) was analyzed according to the different mineral groups and the social and economic development level of the cities where mining was conducted. Based on this research, legislation practices also have negative effects on mining enterprises, on the expropriation costs and the expropriation permit processes.
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    Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey-and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between mining for sustainable development and protection of forestland. Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the Survey Monkey program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.
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    Forest fees paid to permit mining extractive operations on Turkey's forestlands & the ratio to investments
    (Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Miner & Energy Econ Res Inst Pas, 2020) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    The fact that mines have to be established at the place where they are located without having a chance to choose a location brings out area usage conflicts with areas that need to be protected. In fact, forestlands are most common in these overlapping areas in Turkey. In order to perform mining activities in this overlapping forestlands, mining enterprises in Turkey receive forest land permit fees (FLPF), reforestation fees, rehabilitation fees + security deposit of conformity to the environment (SDCE), and other fees. In order to determine the share of these costs in mining investments and operating costs (OC) and to bring a solution proposal so that these costs do not pose a risk of loss of the investment in the mining enterprises, questions have been asked to mining enterprises within Turkey using the Survey Monkey program. The averages of all forest fees determined from the answers are proportioned to the mining investment amounts (MIA) and the annual average OC of each mining company responding to the Survey. Thus, the distribution criteria of different forest fees that are required to be paid by the mining enterprises in order to carry out mining operations in the forestlands in Turkey and their distribution on the basis of mineral groups were analyzed. in this calculation, it was suggested that all the fees in Turkey should be reduced to a more reasonable degree by suggesting solutions regarding the calculation method envisaged by the FLPF, which has a very high share. Otherwise, the result of these rates shows that the costs of forest land-use for mining stipulated by the legislation in Turkey are quite high compared to other countries, and that the current mining investments can have difficulty in maintaining their economic operability in the presence of these required costs.
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    Geological, petrographical, mineralogical, geochemical and gemological features of Malatya rubies
    (Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Miner & Energy Econ Res Inst Pas, 2023) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz; Coskun, Nihal Derin; Uz, Veli; IssI, Ali; Uz, Bektas
    There are significant ruby formations across the world that have been commercialized. In Turkiye there are many mineralogical formation regions with gemological features of high quality. However, there is not enough information in the literature about the formation of ruby in Turkiye, and its usability as a precious stone. In contrast to previous studies, this paper was conducted to reveal the gemological properties of Dogansehir (Malatya province) rubies and to investigate the usability of polished and cut ruby samples as gemstones. Ruby corundum formations of gemstone quality have recently been discovered in Goksun ophiolites in the Dogansehir district of Turkiye. These ruby formations take place in greenish and grayish amphibolites in the Goksun ophiolites. The ruby crystals are observed in colors ranging from pink to red and sizes ranging between 2 x 10 mm and 30 x 50 mm. The tectonic position, geological environment, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and gemological characteristics of Dogansehir crystals indicate that they can be classified as rubies and can be likened to those gems formed in amphibolites in Tanzania. This indicates that Dogansehir rubies have gemological and mineralogical parameters that are competitive with rubies existing in other places across the world after polishing and cutting. Examples of Dogansehir rubies prepared by polishing and cutting show that these rubies may feature in the global market in the coming years. Dogansehir rubies are suitable for COBACORE (community based comprehensive recovery) cutting mostly in large sizes and amounts. Thus, it is a potential gemstone source. Samples prepared by polishing and cutting indicate their suitability as gemstones.
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    How can shares be increased for indigenous peoples in state rights paid by mining companies? An education incentive through direct contribution to the people
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Mining investors in Turkey give between 0.5 and 18.75% of pit sale prices as a state right for the per ton mineral they extract per year. It is foreseen that 25% of these state rights charged during the mining life will be paid to the special provincial administration where the mining license is, 25% to the union for providing services for villages, and 50% to the national treasury. Especially the first two of them can be considered as the shares that indirectly contribute from state rights to the indigenous peoples of the region where mining is conducted. However, the benefits of mining to the region where it is conducted may perceptibly be insufficient. Or, although it is sufficient, the indigenous peoples may perceive these contributions as insufficient as a result of the administration not spending it in the public interest. In this case, especially from mining, can a system be applied through direct payment from state rights to the indigenous peoples? In this study, questions were asked to the permanent supervisors working in mining enterprises by using the SurveyMonkey program to approximately determine the direct contributions that can be made to the indigenous peoples of the region where mining is conducted from state rights which are paid annually and during the mine lifetime in Turkey. The mining enterprises answering the survey and the average state rights paid by all mining enterprises in Turkey were evaluated by considering the mining sector conditions. It is believed that increasing the existing state right rates further will not provide an increase in the share allocated to the indigenous peoples. Instead, it is proposed that the entire special provincial administration share and at least 60% of the national treasury share are paid as a direct contribution to the indigenous peoples. In this direction, it is suggested that the state right share is distributed to the indigenous peoples directly based on criteria such as the most affected residential areas from mining, population, the number of kindergarten/primary school/middle school/high school/university students among families with children, not being involved in crime, children not working at any jobs, and for how many years the individuals have their domicile at those houses. This system is a higher education incentive system that can be applied in regions that are adversely affected by mining. Allocating a direct share to the indigenous peoples in line with the incentive of education may have positive effects on the way the peoples perceive mining. Although it is suggested that the national treasury share is reduced, treasury revenues from mining will continue to increase by virtue of new mining operations to be opened in the medium term.
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    How can the effects of EIA procedures and legislation foreseen for the mining operation activities to mining change positively in Turkey?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Environmental criteria have an impact on the decisions made whether to realize mining operating activities or not alongside with criteria for production and investment such as reserve, cut off grade, sales price, cost. In this direction, according to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it is determined whether mining projects will be carried out or not. Necessary arrangements have been made in the EIA Regulations since the first time they came into force in Turkey. And environmentally sensitive EIA reports were prepared to carry out mining activities. Additionally, the participation of local community to the EIA process is ensured and mining enterprises also contribute economically to the mining region. Turkey has adopted legislation similar to EU legislation and carried out its applications in EIA and other environmental legislation in compliance with EU legislation for the European Union (EU) membership. Thus, in Turkey, being sensitive to the environment, EIA for mining is carried out under a tighter audit and more controlled way compared to EU countries locally and no mining projects that do not comply with the environment are approved and current activities are halted. However, bureaucracy has increased in EIA assessments, permitting processes have been prolonged, and mining investments have become difficult. This situation can be observed with the decline of Turkey in the worldwide rank regarding the mining investment attractiveness index (IAI) category and the other categories determining it, or with the fact that Turkey doesn't have a steady progress when compared to the EU member states. For the solution of the problems in Turkey, it was suggested that legislation which would enable projects with EIA Positive decisions to be carried out by being subjected to only one law and being obtained from one institution was made. Also, it is beneficial to take account of the suggestion which says each mineral group shall be subject to different processes in terms of EIA due to the fact that each may have a significantly different environmental effect. According to the survey conducted, majority of mining sector agrees with this view.
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    How can the state rights be calculated by considering a high share of state right in mining operating costs in Turkey?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    As it is applied in many world countries, state right is also charged for each production after mining activities in Turkey. State right is charged at varying rates according to mineral groups. In the development of mining legislation, these rates and state right calculation methods also underwent a change. The most important among these is switching to the method of demanding state rights over pit sale price instead of the method of demanding state rights over annual operating balance sheet gross profit in Turkey since 2004. As a result, despite the incentive discounts in the state right rates of mineral groups, the state right rates increased several times. The state brought an increase in the state right rates of metallic minerals in particular by considering the decrease in the number of mining operation permits in the last yearsAccording to the latest legislation, state rights are charged at rates varying between 0.5 and 18.75% according to mineral groups. Envisaging the determination of the equal pit sale price in state rights and granting the administration the discretionary power on this issue also creates a hidden increase in these rates. All these increases enabled the state to charge more state rights from the mining sector. State rights accrual based on US$ increased 8 times from 2004 to 2019, and similar to 4 times per one mining operation permit. However, it is reported as news in the Turkish public that mining enterprises only give a 2-4% of share as a state right and do not make any other contributions apart from this. By using SurveyMonkey, permanent supervisors working in the mining enterprises were asked questions how much the share of state rights paid by the enterprises actually were. The state right cost of each mining enterprise was proportioned to the average annual operating costs of these mining enterprises. The results, along with varying based on the different mineral groups, show that the state rights take a high degree of share in mining operating costs in Turkey. In addition, the state right rates in Turkey are quite high compared to other countries in the world that charge state rights over the pit sale prices. Above all, not only the state right in Turkey but when considered with all land-use fees charged from mining operating activities, enterprises economically have difficulties with maintaining the operability of available mining investments in the presence of these costs they pay. For these reasons, in this study, considering the applications in other world countries regarding the state right rates and calculation methods envisaged in the legislation, solutions are put forward. If a discount is made at reasonable rates in other fees paid by mining enterprises, perhaps there will be no need to make discounts in state right rates. However, not giving an increase in state right rates is suggested.
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    Loss of profits occurring due to the halting of mining operations arising from occupational accidents or reasons related to legislation
    (Polska Akad Nauk, Polish Acad Sciences, Miner & Energy Econ Res Inst Pas, 2021) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    In the event of occupational accidents in mining, investors can calculate approximately how much loss will be incurred at the time of the accident. However, in halting mining as a result of occupational accidents or legislation, investors, will perhaps not care about how much of a loss to profits will arise due to the resulting downtime of mining operations. The reason for this is that there is no such halting in mining operation as yet and mining activity is continued. Avoiding halting mines due to occupational accidents and legislation would enable the prevention of unexpected costs resulting from these time losses. The aim of this study was to find out how much the loss of profits resulting from the downtime of mining enterprises due to the aforementioned reasons are in total, and how much the ratio of loss of profits to annual operating costs is on average on an annual basis. To determine the loss of profits and to minimize the accidents in enterprises, permanent supervisors, who are assigned in the enterprises where they are working, were given a survey through the SurveyMonkey program. Of the 235 permanent supervisors who filled out the survey on behalf of the mining enterprises, 58 answered all of the multiple-choice questions examined in the study. These questions were analyzed together according to different mineral groups and differences in mining operation methods. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the annual loss of profits of mining enterprises resulting from the aforementioned periods of downtime, and the ratio of these values to the annual operating costs constitute a rather significant share. The aim of the article was to raise awareness to have mining companies appropriate more funds for occupational health and safety.
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    Overlapping of mine sites and highway route in Turkey: Evaluation in terms of mining land use criteria and land-use planning
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Mining, by nature, is a sector that requires broad land-use. On the other hand, in many sectors, are made changes in land-use apart from land-use planning for their activity. This situation causes an overlapping between other areas of activity such as energy or infrastructure investment activities and mining areas. One of these occurred as a result of the overlapping which emerged between a highway project planned to be constructed in Izmir by the General Directorate of Highways (KGM) in Turkey and some of the andesite/basaltic mine sites. On-site Audit Committee evaluated the overlapping mining sites and based on the relevant report, the Board decided in favor of the highway route activity. Overlapping with highway routes negatively and differently affected mining operations due to the different locations of mineral reserves and mine open-pits/facilities. The main reasons for it result from the fact that the highway overlap isn?t pre-planned or that the whole of mineral reserves wasn?t determined as completely proved reserve during area overlap. In this study, the affected states of mining operations which overlapped with highway route are analyzed by considering mining land-use concepts. In this overlapping, an effort was made for the continuation of both activities on the condition that the highway route would remain unchanged and mining operation license and permit areas would be narrowed down. Once the minerals are discovered as proved reserves, they should be shown in upper-scaled environmental plans, and thus, efforts should be made to protect mine areas against any other investment activity to be planned later on. When a mining investor applies for an operating license, it is beneficial that the investor is completely informed regarding whether there is/will be another activity in the area the investor applies for. Hence, after starting production, area overlaps due to the projects foreseen afterwards can be prevented. Moving to the practices in which mining and other sectors are evaluated within the framework of a strategic planning will help solve the problems.
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    Overlapping of natural stone mining field with high-speed train project in Turkey: Was the economic public benefit evaluation made sufficiently?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Unlike many other land uses, the area on which mineral extraction can be done is limited. The fact that the mines have to be produced where they exist without being able to choose a location brings along other benefits and area usage overlaps. A remarkable example of a mining-infrastructure investment overlap is the overlap between a natural stone operation site and a high-speed train project in Nevsehir. The Audit On-Site Committee examined the overlapping mine sites. Based on the report of the Committee, it was decided in favor of the railway activity. In this report, it was detected that mining activities can be conducted on the condition that mining operating license area is reduced due to the high-speed train line. Yet, a significant part of mine production area overlapped with the high-speed train line. Following the evaluations made considering the economic public benefit, it was decided that the high-speed train project should be given priority in the overlapping area. In these evaluations, it was taken into consideration that the contribution of high-speed train investment to the area would be higher compared to mining investment and that shifting the project towards another area would be more costly. In this study, the economic public interest evaluation made by the Committee is discussed in terms of the methods that should be applied in cost-benefit analysis. It was determined that a practical but non-exhaustive method was applied in the cost-benefit analysis, which is the basis for the economic public interest evaluation made by the committee. To see the application more clearly, the deficiencies in the calculation made by the Committee are completed. This calculation and method application by the Committee were compared with the methods that should be applied in cost-benefit analysis. These kinds of investment overlaps may cause project route alterations in the billion-dollar infrastructure investments. Solutions were offered on the subject of Audit On-Site Committee evaluations, which were effective in this, across Turkey.
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    Petrogenesis of Miocene volcanism in the Central Anatolia: Geochemical, isotopic and geochronological evidence
    (Elsevier, 2024) Ozdamar, Senel; Billor, Mehmet Z.; Sarikaya, Oral; Sans, Bala Ekinci; Yildiz, Taskin Deniz; Esenli, Fahri; Zou, Haibo
    This paper presents the first 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age data, new bulk -rock major -trace element compositions and Nd - Sr isotope geochemistry, combined with detailed geological mapping of Galatia Volcanic Province (GVP) in the northwest Central Anatolia (Turkey). Here, there are voluminous extrusive rocks in a wide compositional range: a basalt, andesite and trachyte suite, and their pyroclastic equivalents. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of two whole-rock samples from the GVP yielded plateau ages of 21.76 +/- 0.8 Ma and 20.97 +/- 0.5 Ma, constrain the volcanic activity at ca. 21 Ma (Aquitanian). The samples show by sub-parallel light rare earth element (LREE)-enrichment and relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns and moderate fractionation [average (La/Yb) N = 13.5]. Their initial 87/86 Sr values vary between 0.704619 and 0.704998, while initial 143/144 Nd values lie between 0.512673 and 0.512755. Integration of the geochemical and geochronological with geological data we propose that the volcanic rocks in the northern area of GVP with calc-alkaline affinity were produced by a lithospheric mantle magma in an extensional setting.
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    Possible effects of mining zone regulation on mining companies in Turkey & evaluation of mining companies
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Land conflicts with mining areas can occur frequently. The fact that these conflicts occur in metropolitan cities brings some sensitive problems and the necessity to make arrangements in the sustainable solution of these problems. For example, the need for aggregates is higher in metropolitan cities than in other cities. In addition, production from aggregate reserves in metropolitan cities requires more precise planning. In recent years, as a result of the increasing population in Istanbul in Turkey, housing has increased and thus the boundaries of the municipal plans have expanded. As a result, aggregate production sites and settlements have been intertwined when the places that were not planned as settlements in the development plan before were also within the boundaries of the development plan. This necessitates sustainable planning and management of aggregate resources in the nearby areas that meet the needs of the city within the borders of Istanbul. In this framework, the first mining zone application in Turkey was made for aggregate mines in Cebeci, Istanbul. This regulation can be applied not only for these aggregate mining zone in Istanbul but also for some mineral groups including coal mines in the future. It is the first practice in the world to force mining companies to unite. This envisaged regulation will affect the mining companies in terms of license and investment security through the merger of the mining companies/establishment of new companies and the determination criteria of the mineral reserve amounts that will be effective in determining the company partnership shares. In 2018, using the SurveyMonkey program, companies were asked questions about these effects of mining zones to mining companies. Considering the answers received, the problems that may arise in the implementation of the mining zone regulation were stated and suggestions for solutions were brought to these problems.
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    Supervisor fund expectation for the guarantee of salaries in the presence of the effect of permanent supervisor salaries on mining operating costs in Turkey
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    For mining to be conducted in Turkey, at least one (mining engineer) permanent supervisor is required to be employed in enterprises. From the perspective of mining investors -as a cost item-share of supervisor salaries in the annual mining operating costs is a matter of question. Because, personnel salaries constitute an important part of mining operating costs. Mining investors desire this share not to be high in the total costs. This share makes mining enterprises economically vulnerable in the face of unexpected costs. In Turkey, since land use costs and taxes that mining enterprises pay are high, investors are led towards the methods which they will be able to make an easier cost controlling with. One of these emerges with the deduction from the salaries of employees and mining engineer supervisors and, even, with the practice of dismissing them. With the effect of these factors, can not be fully collecting the supervisor salaries from licensee is one of the biggest problems in the practice in the permanent supervisor system in Turkey. Over SurveyMonkey program, 33% of supervisors stated that they receive their salaries with a delay, and 53% receive their salaries lower than the minimum salary tariff determined in Official Gazette. For supervisors to receive their salaries without delay and over the minimum salary tariff determined according to Official Gazette, in what kind of payment system should the salaries be given? In this study, it was analysed how much of a share the salaries of supervisors working in different mineral groups and (open-pit/underground) operating methods constitute in mining operating costs. The ratio of a supervisor salary to annual operating costs for all mineral groups is 2.8% on average. If other mining engineers who are not supervisors in the operation are included as well, the ratio of salaries of all mining engineers to annual operating costs is 4.7% on average. If all of the supervisors received their salaries over the minimum tariff, this rate would have been 6.4%. When considering an estimated employee salary over the minimum wage, the ratio of the total salaries of all mining engineers and employees in the enterprise to operating costs is 22.7%. These rates, in which the other engineers salaries in the mining operation are excluded, show that the total salaries of the personnel working in a mining operation have a high share in the operating costs. In the presence of this high share, to ensure salary assurance of supervisors and for them to receive a salary at least over the minimum tariff, it will be beneficial to launch a Permanent Supervisor Fund where will be followed up in the control of the state, and where their salaries will be made by the employer. In which payment system should the supervisor salaries be given so that supervisors can receive their salaries without delay and above the minimum tariff? It is wondered whether the supervisor salaries are higher than the minimum salary tariff determined according to Official Gazette in Turkey. The Fund will not only economically contribute to supervisors but also to investors, the bank -with whom the contract is made-, government, mining administration.
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    The impacts of EIA procedure on the mining sector in the permit process of mining operating activities & Turkey analysis
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Mining operations are activities that require large investments with high risks at all stages and have a long process of return on the investment. In addition to the production and investment criteria, environmental criteria also have an impact on making the decision on whether to carry out these activities or not. Accordingly, the decision to whether to carry out the mining projects or not is made based on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). All the legislation and application issues that are determined in Turkey regarding the EIA also have resulted in the number of times EIA procedure is required from the mining sector to be quite a lot compared to the other sectors. The frequency of EIA being requested from the mining sector does not only create a bureaucracy that is only applied to the mining sector, but also creates investment losses in this sector. The result clearly shows that tens of mining enterprises lose a significant amount of their investments because of the EIA. In other words, this has happened due to EIA process times being lengthened out and process completion time being unpredictable because of reasons that emerge from the assessment during the process of EIA in Turkey. These circumstances also cause the investors who want to invest in the mining sector to back down on the investments they were planning to make. The answers that are given to the survey questionnaire which was asked to the mining enterprises in order to see how long it takes to be granted the EIA and the other permits that are taken under rules to be completed within three months during the EIA process in the mining sector in Turkey, show that the other permits (like the Land ownership Permit and Business License and Work Permit) are usually given to the mining enterprises within 3-34 months time during the EIA process in Turkey. In order to shorten this license assessment process; the procedures that request the opinions of other institutions during the EIA procedure after the application was made and even after the EIA license is granted, need to be abolished. Furthermore, through a Commission that could be established within the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) that constitutes of the representatives of EIA and other units the opinions of which are requested will make the EIA and other permits to be granted, managed and the decisions during the permit process to be made faster.
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    Waste management costs (WMC) of mining companies in Turkey: Can waste recovery help meeting these costs?
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz
    Humankind is in need of mines throughout its entire life. As a result of mine production obtained for this need, mining wastes emerge. Mining waste management is reflected in mining enterprises as a cost item. It would be useful to determine how much share these costs have in mining operating costs (OC). At the same time, considering that the ratio of land use costs to mining investment amounts (MIA) in Turkey is very high, mining investment risks should be reduced. In order to bring forward solutions for the WMC and its regulation, in May, June and July of 2018, a survey was conducted to mining corporations via the survey software called Survey Monkey. The cost of wastes of each mining enterprise is proportionate to the yearly average OC of these mining companies. The results that come out when the ratio of the costs of mining waste management to the estimated investment costs as well, changing based on the different mineral groups, show that the mining WMC take a noticeably high place among the mining investments and OC in Turkey. Despite the environmental expenses made by mining companies in Turkey, the recovery of waste still lacks. In this regard, necessary arrangements should be made in the legislation, and the recovery of waste should be promoted despite the expenditure of the miner, and the return of the cost of the mining investor should be provided.