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Öğe Gain and bandwidth enhancement using superstrate loaded 2x2 circular-array antenna for X-Band and RADAR applications(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Varshney, Atul; Gencoglan, Duygu NazanThis article demonstrates the fabrication, and measurements of a corporate offset-fed 2 x 2 array electromagnetically coupled patch (EMCP) circular-antenna based on the Fabry-Perot cavity principle. Single element antenna has a low gain of 6.28 dBi and is enhanced to 13.45dBi by loading the array with a superstrate. The antenna parameters -10 dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) and gain are improved by an air gap with 4-stacked circular patches and 4 stubs in the proposed design. The peak gain of the 2 x 2 array without superstrate was 8.88 dBi at 8.19 GHz, which is enhanced to 13.82 dBi at 9.55 GHz by parasitic loading and superstrate. The FBW of the proposed array antenna was enhanced by arranging four stubs between the 4-circles in the superstrate structure. The -10 dB FBW without stubs was 24.82% (7.62-9.73 GHz) and with stubs it became 38.47% (7.73-11.0 GHz). Adjustment of the height of the superstrate at 2.0 mm not only enhanced the gain and bandwidth but also advancement in the unidirectional radiation patterns. The array is prototyped is measured to validate the reflection coefficients and radiation characteristics and they found an excellent match with simulated results. The suggested array is most suitable for energy launchers in transitions, RADAR, military, satellite, X-band communications, and microwave laboratory applications.Öğe High-Gain Multi-Band Koch Fractal FSS Antenna for Sub-6 GHz Applications(Mdpi, 2024) Varshney, Atul; Gencoglan, Duygu NazanFeatured Application The proposed antenna is potentially suitable for Wi-MAX (3.5 GHz) and sub-6 GHz n77 (3300-3800 MHz), n78 (3300-4200 MHz), and n79 (4400-4990 MHz), in addition to C-band applications.Abstract This study introduces a novel antenna based on the binary operation of a modified circular patch in conjunction with the Koch fractal. The antenna is intended for applications in the sub-6 GHz band, partial C-band, and X-band. The low-cost antenna is fabricated on a 1.6-mm-thick FR-4 substrate. A frequency-selective surface (FSS) is used to overcome the decreased values of the gain and bandwidth due to the fractal operations. The introduced split ring resonator (SRR) and the antenna substrate dimension reduction reduce the bandwidth and antenna gain. The air gap between the FSS and the antenna not only enhances the antenna gain but also controls the frequency tuning at the design frequency. The antenna size is miniaturized to 36.67%. A monopole antenna ground loaded with an SRR results in improved closest tuning (3.44 GHz) near the design frequency. The antenna achieves a peak gain of 9.37 dBi in this band. The FSS-based antenna results in a 4.65 dBi improvement in the gain value with the FSS. The measured and simulated plots exhibit an excellent match with each other in all three frequency bands at 2.96-4.72 GHz. These bands cover Wi-MAX (3.5 GHz), sub-6 GHz n77 (3300-3800 MHz), n78 (3300-4200 MHz), and approximately n79 (4400-4990 MHz), in addition to C-band applications.Öğe Offset-fed Slotted Antenna Practically Loaded with Split Ring as Water Quality Sensor for X-Band Industrial Applications(Advanced Electromagnetics, 2024) Varshney, Atul; Gençoğlan, Duygu NazanThis article describes the design, testing, and analysis of an offset-fed split ring-loaded slotted antenna for various water quality sensors. The antenna is designed to resonate at 10 GHz on a low-cost FR-4 substrate of dimensions 0.621?o×0.467?o×0.053?o, where ?o is the free space wavelength at the resonant frequency. The fabricated antenna finds excellent agreement with the measured antenna parameters. At 10 GHz, the antenna achieves a gain of 7.61 dBi, a nearly unidirectional radiation pattern, and a radiation efficiency of 76%. The research is further explored to use the antenna as a water sample sensor. The antenna is tested on various water samples by submerging it in them, and in the second scenario, contactless measurements at 10 mm away from the container's upper water level. The work examines the quality of the water by observing the shift in the resonant frequency (fr), the antenna quality factor with different total dissolved solvents (TDS) in the water samples, and changes in the reflection coefficient (S11) values. It is observed that the antenna shows less than 1.5% numerical sensitivity (NS) with fr, and high NS with the S11. The antenna's S11 and bandwidth vary and depending on the water sample. This antenna is suitable for X-band industrial and microwave laboratory applications. © 2024, Advanced Electromagnetics. All rights reserved.Öğe Offset-fed Slotted Antenna Practically Loaded with Split Ring as Water Quality Sensor for XBand Industrial Applications(Advanced Electromagnetics, Geeps-Supelec, 2024) Varshney, Atul; Gencoglan, Duygu NazanThis article describes the design, testing, and analysis of an offset-fed split ring-loaded slotted antenna for various water quality sensors. The antenna is designed to resonate at 10 GHz on a low-cost FR-4 substrate of dimensions 0.621 lambda(o)x0.467 lambda(o)x0.053 lambda(o) , where lambda(o) is the free space wavelength at the resonant frequency. The fabricated antenna finds excellent agreement with the measured antenna parameters. At 10 GHz, the antenna achieves a gain of 7.61 dBi, a nearly unidirectional radiation pattern, and a radiation efficiency of 76%. The research is further explored to use the antenna as a water sample sensor. The antenna is tested on various water samples by submerging it in them, and in the second scenario, contactless measurements at 10 mm away from the container's upper water level. The work examines the quality of the water by observing the shift in the resonant frequency (f(r)), the antenna quality factor with different total dissolved solvents (TDS) in the water samples, and changes in the reflection coefficient (S-11) values. It is observed that the antenna shows less than 1.5% numerical sensitivity (NS) with f(r), and high NS with the S-11. The antenna's S 11 and bandwidth vary and depending on the water sample. This antenna is suitable for Xband industrial and microwave laboratory applications.
