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    A Comparative Study of the Properties of Gelatin (Porcine and Bovine)-Based Edible Films Loaded with Spearmint Essential Oil
    (Mdpi, 2023) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Jawad, Muhammad; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Ullah, Sana; Anwer, Md Khalid
    Gelatin (bovine/porcine)-based edible films are considered as an excellent carrier for essential oils (EOs) to preserve food quality and extend their shelf life. Spearmint essential oil (SEO) is known for its potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects; nevertheless, its food applications are limited due to the volatile nature of its active components. Thus, edible films loaded with essential oil can be an alternative to synthetic preservatives to improve their food applications. In the present study, the effect of SEO addition was investigated on the physicochemical properties of bovine and porcine gelatin films, and antioxidant activity was assessed. GCMS (Gas chromatography mass spectrometry) analysis revealed the presence of carvone (55%) and limonene (25.3%) as major components. The incorporation of SEO into the films decreased the opacity, moisture content, water solubility, and elongation at break of bovine and porcine gelatin films. However, with the addition of EO, the thickness and water vapor permeability of bovine and porcine-based gelatin films increased. Moreover, the addition of SEO increased the tensile strength (TS) of the porcine-based film, whereas bovine samples demonstrated a decrease in tensile strength. XRD (X-ray diffraction) findings revealed a decrease in the percentage crystallinity of both types of gelatin films. SEM (scanning electron microscope) results showed the changes in the morphology of films after the addition of SEO. Antioxidant properties significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the incorporation of EO when compared with control films. Therefore, the addition of SEO to gelatin-based edible films could be an effective approach to prepare an active food packaging material to prevent food oxidation.
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    A novel film based on a cellulose/sodium alginate/gelatin composite activated with an ethanolic fraction of Boswellia sacra oleo gum resin
    (Wiley, 2024) Bhatia, Saurabh; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Ullah, Sana; Anwer, Md Khalid; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer
    Boswellia sacra and its derivatives exhibit notable bioactive properties, which have been the subject of extensive scientific research; however, their potential applications in food packaging remain largely untapped. In the current study, cellulose, sodium alginate, and gelatin composite edible films were fabricated with the addition of different concentrations (0.2% and 0.3%) of the ethanolic fraction of Boswellia sacra oleo gum resin (BSOR). The resultant films were examined for their physical, chemical, mechanical, barrier, optical, and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the films were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the impact of incorporating BSOR on the morphological, crystalline, and chemical properties of the films. The addition of BSOR increased the film thickness (0.026-0.08 mm), water vapor permeability (0.210-0.619 (g.mm)/(m(2).h.kPa), and the intensity of the yellow color (3.01-7.20) while reducing the values of both tensile strength (6.67-1.03 MPa) and elongation at break (83.50%-48.81%). SEM and FTIR analysis confirmed the interaction between the BSOR and film-forming components. The antioxidant properties of the edible films were significantly increased with the addition of BSOR. The comprehensive findings of the study demonstrated that BSOR possesses the potential to serve as an efficient natural antioxidant agent in the fabrication of edible films.
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    Antimicrobial topical polymeric films loaded with Acetyl-11-keto- ?-boswellic acid (AKBA), boswellic acid and silver nanoparticles: Optimization, characterization, and biological activity (vol 10, e31671, 2024)
    (Cell Press, 2024) Jawad, Muhammad; Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Ullah, Sana; Halim, Sobia Ahsan; Khan, Ajmal; Koca, Esra
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Antimicrobial topical polymeric films loaded with Acetyl-11-keto-?-boswellic acid (AKBA), boswellic acid and silver nanoparticles: Optimization, characterization, and biological activity
    (Cell Press, 2024) Jawad, Muhammad; Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Ullah, Sana; Halim, Sobia Ahsan; Khan, Ajmal; Koca, Esra
    The study examined the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of pure Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), boswellic acid (70%) and AKBA loaded nanoparticles as topical polymeric films. The optimized concentration (0.05 % w/v) of pure AKBA, boswellic acid (BA), and AKBA loaded silver nanoparticles were used to study its impact on film characteristics. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), sodium alginate (SA), and gelatin (Ge) composite films were prepared in this study. The polymeric films were evaluated for their biological (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) and mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength (TS) and elongation (%). Moreover, other parameters including water barrier properties and color attributes of the film were also evaluated. Furthermore, assessments were conducted using analytical techniques like FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Surface analysis revealed that AgNP precipitation led to a few particles in the film structure. Overall, the results indicate a relatively consistent microstructure. Moreover, due to the addition of AKBA, BA, and AgNPs, a significant decrease in TS, moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeation was observed. The films transparency also showed a decreasing trend, and the color analysis revealed decreasing yellowness (b*) of the films. Importantly, a significant increase in antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals and ABTS cations was observed in the CSG films. Additionally, the AgNP-AKBA loaded films displayed significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. Moreover, the molecular docking analysis revealed the inter-molecular interactions between the AKBA, AgNPs, and composite films. The docking results indicate good binding of AKBA and silver nanoparticles with gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulosemolecules. In conclusion, these polymeric films have potential as novel materials with significant antioxidant and antifungal activities.
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    Development, characterization, and assessment of antioxidant pectin-sodium alginate based edible films incorporated with cassia essential oil
    (Wiley, 2023) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Jawad, Muhammad; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Ullah, Sana; Oz, Emel
    This research was conducted in order to develop a sustainable and eco-friendly pectin-sodium alginate-based packaging material using natural additives. Cassia essential oil (CEO) is a GRAS-approved natural preservative and flavouring agent used for a variety of food products. Recent reports revealed the growing interest in using oils in packaging material as natural additives. In the current study, CEO is loaded in pectin-sodium alginate-based composite films. The main component observed in CEO was cinnamaldehyde which was evaluated by employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. Moreover, the incorporation of CEO improved the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) and increased the opacity of the films. However, a decrease in the moisture content, water solubility and water vapour permeability was observed with the incorporation of EO. Additionally, SEM analysis of the CEO-loaded films revealed an improvement in their morphology. The results of the DPPH and ABTS cation scavenging assays revealed a significant (P <= 0.05) increase in antioxidant activity with the incorporation of CEO. These findings indicate that cassia essential oil can be employed as a natural additive to develop edible active packaging material. This image illustrates the effect of Cassia essential oil (CEO) on water vapour permeability, morphology, transparency, thickness, mechanical strength, moisture content, and solubility of pectin/sodium alginate based edible films for food packaging application.dagger image
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    Fabrication, characterization and antioxidant activities of pectin and gelatin based edible film loaded with Citrus reticulata L. essential oil
    (Wiley, 2024) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Ullah, Sana; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Jawad, Muhammad; Anwer, Md Khalid
    In the present work, pectin and gelatin-based edible films (EFs) loaded with Citrus reticulata L. (tangerine) essential oil were fabricated and evaluated for their potential application in food packaging. GC-MS analysis and physiochemical, mechanical, and antioxidant analysis of the synthesized edible films and oil extract were carried out. GC-MS analysis of the tangerine essential oil revealed the presence of around 40 different chemical constituents, and among them, limonene (43.85%), linalyl acetate (19.16%), linalool (18.38%), and beta-Myrcene (3.41%) were found as the major constituent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the interaction between the functional groups of the film components. Mechanical parameter assessment showed that the tensile strength of the edible film increases and elongation at break values decreases with oil addition. The thickness of the EFs increased with oil addition, while water solubility, water vapor permeability, and transparency decreased. In antioxidant potential assessment assays, maximum activity (DPPH center dot and ABTS(center dot+) reducing potential) was reported for edible film samples containing a maximum amount (60 mu L) of tangerine oil. We found that pectin and gelatin-based edible films loaded with tangerine essential oil exhibit better characteristics and could be used as a food packaging material.
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    Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan and Sodium Alginate Based Films Incorporated with Ficus Extract
    (Mdpi, 2023) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Jawad, Muhammad; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Ullah, Sana; Anwer, Md Khalid
    Aqueous extract of fruit obtained from Ficus racemosa enriched with phenolic components was used for the first time to fabricate chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA)-based edible films. The edible films supplemented with Ficus fruit aqueous extract (FFE) were characterized physiochemically (using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Texture analyser (TA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and colourimeter) and biologically (using antioxidant assays). CS-SA-FFA films showed high thermal stability and high antioxidant properties. The addition of FFA into CS-SA film decreased transparency, crystallinity, tensile strength (TS), and water vapour permeability (WVP) but ameliorate moisture content (MC), elongation at break (EAB) and film thickness. The overall increase in thermal stability and antioxidant property of CS-SA-FFA films demonstrated that FFA could be alternatively used as a potent natural plant-based extract for the development of food packaging material with improved physicochemical and antioxidant properties.
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    The Effect of Sage (Salvia sclarea) Essential Oil on the Physiochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sodium Alginate and Casein-Based Composite Edible Films
    (Mdpi, 2023) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Jawad, Muhammad; Al-Azri, Mohammed Said; Ullah, Sana; Anwer, Md Khalid
    The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil (SEO) on the physiochemical and antioxidant properties of sodium alginate (SA) and casein (CA) based films. Thermal, mechanical, optical, structural, chemical, crystalline, and barrier properties were examined using TGA, texture analyzer, colorimeter, SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Chemical compounds of the SEO were identified via GC-MS, the most important of which were linalyl acetate (43.32%) and linalool (28.51%). The results showed that incorporating SEO caused a significant decrease in tensile strength (1.022-0.140 Mpa), elongation at break (28.2-14.6%), moisture content (25.04-14.7%) and transparency (86.1-56.2%); however, WVP (0.427-0.667 x 10(-12) g center dot cm/cm(2)center dot s center dot Pa) increased. SEM analysis showed that the incorporation of SEO increased the homogeneousness of films. TGA analysis showed that SEO-loaded films showed better thermal stability than others. FTIR analysis revealed the compatibility between the components of the films. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of SEO increased the antioxidant activity of the films. Thus, the present film shows a potential application in the food packaging industry.
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    The physicochemical properties and molecular docking study of plasticized amphotericin B loaded sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and gelatin-based films
    (Cell Press, 2024) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Almohana, Ibrahim Hamza; Albayati, Mustafa Safa; Jawad, Muhammad; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Ullah, Sana
    Plasticizers are employed to stabilize films by safeguarding their physical stability and avoiding the degradation of the loaded therapeutic drug during processing and storage. In the present study, the plasticizer effect (glycerol) was studied on bioadhesive films based on sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin (GE) polymers loaded with amphotericin B (AmB). The main objective of the current study was to assess the morphological, mechanical, thermal, optical, and barrier properties of the films as a function of glycerol (Gly) concentration (0.5-1.5 %) using different techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Texture analyzer (TA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), X -Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The concentration increase of glycerol resulted in an increase in Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) (0.187-0.334), elongation at break (EAB) (0.88-35.48 %), thickness (0.032-0.065 mm) and moisture level (17.5-41.76 %) whereas opacity, tensile strength (TS) (16.81-0.86 MPa), and young's modulus (YM) (0.194-0.002 MPa) values decreased. Glycerol incorporation in the film -Forming solution decreased the brittleness and fragility of the films. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurred between glycerol and polymers in plasticized films compared to control films. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to predict the binding interactions betweem AmB, CMC, gelatin, SA and glycerol, which further endorsed the stabilizing effects of glycerol in the complex formation between AmB, CMC, SA, and gelatin. The Findings of the current study demonstrated that this polymeric blend could be used to successfully prepare bioadhesive films with glycerol as a plasticizer.