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Öğe Ecotoxicological effects of dietary titanium dioxide nanoparticles on metabolic and biochemical parameters of model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2021) Sugecti, Serkan; Tuncsoy, Benay; Buyukguzel, Ender; Ozalp, Pinar; Buyukguzel, KemalNanoparticles (NPs) are now being used in many industrial activities, such as mining, paint and glass industries. The frequent industrial use of NPs contributes to environmental pollution and may cause cellular and oxidative damage in native organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were investigated using Galleria mellonella larvae as a model insect species. Alterations in cell damage indicators, such as alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, non-enzymatic antioxidants and biochemical parameters, were determined in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae exposed to TiO2 NPs at different concentrations (5, 50, 250 and 1250 mu g/mL) in their diets. TiO2 NPs caused concentration-dependent cellular damage in the hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae and increased the levels of the non-enzymatic antioxidants uric acid and bilirubin. In addition, total protein in hemolymph significantly decreased at the highest concentration (1250 mu g/mL) of TiO2 NPs. Level of the urea increased at the highest concentration (1250 mu g/mL) of TiO2 NPs, whereas the amount of glucose was not affected. These findings demonstrated that TiO2 NPs caused concentration-dependent toxic effects on G. mellonella larvae.Öğe Effects of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Immune and Metabolic Parameters of Galleria mellonella L(Springer, 2021) Tuncsoy, Benay; Sugecti, Serkan; Buyukguzel, Ender; Ozalp, Pinar; Buyukguzel, KemalIn this study, the effects of dietary CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on metabolic enzyme activity, biochemical parameters, and total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC) were determined in Galleria mellonella larvae. Using concentrations of 10, 100, 1000 mg/L and the LC10 and LC30 levels of CuO NPs, we determined that the NPs negatively impacted metabolic enzyme activity and biochemical parameters in larval hemolymph. Compared with the control, the greatest increase in THC was observed in larvae fed on diets with 100 mg L-1 of CuO NPs. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were among the most numerous hemocytes in all treatments. These results suggest that dietary CuO NPs effects the metabolic metabolism and immune system of G. mellonella and provide indirect information regarding the toxic effects of CuO NPs in mammalian immune system given similarities between mammalian blood cells and insect hemocytes.Öğe Effects of Cu, Zn and their mixtures on bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(Springer, 2022) Mese, Yagmur; Tuncsoy, Benay; Ozalp, PinarThe effects of Cu, Zn and their mixture on bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities of midgut and fat body of Galleria mellonella larvae were investigated. Exposure to mixtures of both metals showed a synergistic effect and the accumulation levels were increased in both tissues. When the metals were exposed separately the concentration of Zn increased in both tissues, whereas the concentration of Cu increased in midgut and decreased in fat body. Also, it was determined that, oxidative stress occurred in the midgut and fat body when G. mellonella larvae were fed singly and in a mixture with different concentrations of Cu and Zn. In addition, significant changes were observed in antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities, which are an indicator of oxidative stress. Larvae of G. mellonella showed immune responses similar to vertebrates, and could be used as bioindicator species due to being grown easily in the laboratory and reduced research costs Understanding the detoxification mechanism in insects is an important parameter for future ecotoxicological studies on the genotoxic, cytotoxic and physiological effects that different environmental pollutants such as heavy metals can cause.Öğe Effects of Cu, Zn and their mixtures on bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(Springer, 2022) Mese, Yagmur; Tuncsoy, Benay; Ozalp, PinarThe effects of Cu, Zn and their mixture on bioaccumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities of midgut and fat body of Galleria mellonella larvae were investigated. Exposure to mixtures of both metals showed a synergistic effect and the accumulation levels were increased in both tissues. When the metals were exposed separately the concentration of Zn increased in both tissues, whereas the concentration of Cu increased in midgut and decreased in fat body. Also, it was determined that, oxidative stress occurred in the midgut and fat body when G. mellonella larvae were fed singly and in a mixture with different concentrations of Cu and Zn. In addition, significant changes were observed in antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities, which are an indicator of oxidative stress. Larvae of G. mellonella showed immune responses similar to vertebrates, and could be used as bioindicator species due to being grown easily in the laboratory and reduced research costs Understanding the detoxification mechanism in insects is an important parameter for future ecotoxicological studies on the genotoxic, cytotoxic and physiological effects that different environmental pollutants such as heavy metals can cause.Öğe Effects of pyriproxyfen and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915 on enzymatic antioxidant defense system and hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2021) Tuncsoy, Benay; Ozalp, PinarWith the increasing uses of biological control methods, knowing the physiological and immunological effects of these insecticides on insects is essential for them to be used safely in agricultural areas. The aim of the study is to determine the effects of pyriproxyfen and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki individually and as a mixture on malondialdehyde levels (MDA), glutathione-s-transferase, acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome P450 enzyme activities in hemolymph, midgut, and fat body and total (THC) and differential hemocyte counts (DHC) of fifth instar larvae of Galleria mellonella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) 24, 48 and 72 h after exposure under laboratory conditions (30 +/- 1 degrees C, 65 +/- 5% RH). The study was conducted in the Animal Physiology Research Laboratory of the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letter, University of Cukurova between 2016-2018. Effects of these insecticides on antioxidant, detoxification enzyme activities and MDA levels were changed depends on exposure time and the differences of tissues. THC decreased after 24 h, whereas it had increased after 48 and 72 h. DHC induced depends on exposure time and applied insecticide. This study revealed that pyriproxyfen and B. thuringiensis applications caused biochemical, physiological reactions and effected the immune defense system of larvae by the alterations in hemocyte counts.Öğe Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using carob leaf extract: Characterization and analysis of toxic effects in model organism Galleria mellonella L. (The greater wax moth)(Springer, 2024) Andırın, Aslıhan; Yaycı, Nur Dudu; Idikut, Murat; Kara, Ayse; Tuncsoy, Mustafa; Tuncsoy, Benay; Ozalp, PınarSilver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in many studies due to their inhibitory properties on microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. In recent years, due to global problems such as environmental pollution, the green synthesis (biosynthesis) method is frequently preferred because it is simple and low cost and does not require the use of toxic substances. The aim of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from Ceratonia siliqua L. leaves and investigate their antioxidant and immunotoxic properties using Galleria mellonella last instar larvae. The UV spectrophotometer, TEM, XRD and FTIR measurements were used to characterize the Ag NPs. In this study, it was determined that the effects on antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and total hemocyte count (THC) as well as phenoloxidase activity determine their effect on antioxidant defence and the immune system in model organism G. mellonella larvae. We observed that green synthesized Ag NPs accumulate in the midgut of the larvae and led to the increasing of CAT and SOD activities. GST and AChE activities were increased in the fat body of the larvae; otherwise, it was decreased in the midgut. Moreover, increases were found in THC and phenoloxidase activity. Consequently, green synthesized silver nanoparticles led to oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects on G. mellonella larvae. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.Öğe Influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on bioaccumulation, antioxidant defense and immune system of Galleria mellonella L.(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Tuncsoy, Benay; Mese, YagmurNanomaterials of different sizes and diameters are frequently used in various industrial areas, due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. Hence, it leads to toxic effects on the environment and non-target organisms, and adverse effects such as oxidative stress and membrane damage in cells and tissues are occurred. Some biomarkers such as the accumulation of intermediate products, detoxification of the immune system, or xenobiotic are used in the detection of toxic effects of exogenous substances in living organisms. In this study, the effects on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzyme activities to determine the toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on antioxidant defense system, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity to determine their neurotoxic effects, and total hemocyte count (THC) to determine their effect on the immune system were investigated in model organism Galleria mellonella larvae. It was determined that major amounts of Ti were mostly eliminated through the Malpighian tubules. Moreover, TiO2 NPs in different concentrations caused the formation of reactive oxygen species in G. mellonella and lead to an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Decreases were found in THC due to the TiO2 NP application. As a result, it was concluded that TiO2 NPs caused accumulation in tissues of the model organism G. mellonella, resulting in oxidative stress and has adverse effects on the immune system.Öğe Nematicidal activity of silver nanomaterials against plant-parasitic nematodes(Elsevier, 2021) Tuncsoy, BenayPlant-parasitic nematodes are important pests causing economically high yield losses in plants cultivated worldwide. Plant-parasitic nematodes damage the host plant by causing wounds on the plant roots and some microbial diseases, forming brown spots on the root and swelling or rotting of the tubers on the above-ground parts of the plant. In agricultural areas, nematicides are often used to prevent the damage of these nematodes. However, alternative methods have been preferred in recent years because the nematicide types used are expensive and lead to adverse effects on the environment or nontarget organisms. The most important of these methods is the use of green synthesized nanoparticles from plants. Many studies have shown that these nanoparticle types are effective as nematicides in agricultural fields due to their antifungal and antibacterial properties. Among these metal is a silver nanoparticle. Silver nanoparticles are of antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. Due to these properties, they are mostly used in agricultural applications as a nanopesticide, nanofertilizer, nematicide, and fungicide. In this chapter, types of plant-parasitic nematodes, damages of plant-parasitic nematodes on host plants, management methods, use of nanotechnology and metal nanoparticles in agriculture, and silver nanoparticles as an alternative method for management with plant-parasitic nematodes are discussed. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Particle Size Effect of Micro and Nano Aluminium Oxides on Antioxidant Defence System of Model Organism Galleria mellonella(Springer, 2023) Tuncsoy, Benay; Tuncsoy, MustafaStudies on heavy metal toxicity show that toxicity of nanoparticles compared to micro form have hypothesis regarding nanoparticles are more efficient on the oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to compare the toxic effects of nano and micro particles of Al2O3 and tissue differences on oxidative stress using model organism Galleria mellonella larvae. The study presented that Al2O3 NPs increased the antioxidant enzyme activities in the fat body of larvae, whereas Al2O3 MPs increased the enzyme activities in the midgut of larvae. In conclusion, heavy metal toxicity depends on the particle size, as well as tissue differences.Öğe Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials in Terrestrial and Aquatic Insects(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Tuncsoy, Benay; Tuncsoy, MustafaNanomaterials of different sizses and diameters are frequently used in various industrial areas, due to the rapid development of nanotechnology. Hence, it leads to toxic effects on the environment and non-target organisms. Due to the increasing use of nanotechnology in the industrial field, it is inevitable that the rate of release of engineered and natural nanomaterials in the atmosphere increases. This makes it important to investigate the effects of the developing industrial product on the environment, human, animal, and plant health. In recent studies, it has been revealed that nanomaterials taken into the organism especially by respiratory tract are densely accumulated in cells and tissues due to their small size compared to other bulk materials. Due to the release of nanomaterials to the environment through emissions and commercial products, they reach wastewater treatment plants and surface water, posing a major threat to the environment and non-target organisms. Insects are groups of living things that make up a large population of both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of nanomaterials are of great importance in these living groups. Bioaccumulation of nanomaterials begins with the accumulation of nanoparticles in the organism and is then transferred to other organisms through the food chain. Therefore, both aquatic and terrestrial insects constitute an important part of this chain. This chapter will focus on the toxicological effects of nanomaterials on terrestrial and aquatic insects and their impacts on human and environmental safety. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
