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    An alternative approach to total economy of the late Ottoman Empire
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Simseker, Somer Alp; Sabanci, Zeynep
    The Ottoman Empire until the eve of the First World War gave the impression of an agrarian society with modest manufacturing activities, mainly based on craft-based production. A major difficulty was to supply food for the army for a long time in total war conditions. This was an important indicator for the new leaders of Ottoman bureaucracy to develop a nationalist economic view. With an intention to enhance further argument, this study implies that the Ottoman officials with their strong ties to Young Turk Movement would have pursued a nationalist economy regardless of the total war status. So, this study proposes that the war and rising nationalism were not the sole reasons for creating a national economy, but merely footsteps along the way.
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    Open source intelligence: newspapers and the Ottoman Intelligence Department in the First World War
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Akinci, Berat; Simseker, Somer Alp
    The role of newspapers in the Ottoman Empire was pivotal in shaping public opinion and disseminating state policies. Particularly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the evolution of the press emerged as a critical factor in the political and social metamorphosis within the Ottoman context. Newspapers transcended their traditional function of merely reporting news; they also became instrumental in education, propaganda and the establishment of ideological frameworks. Newspapers also served as open-source intelligence for intelligence organisations. The Ottoman Empire's intelligence department (The Second Branch of the General Staff) used information from various newspapers and translated and disseminated them to decision makers. They were also under the control of this branch for possible information leakage. Therefore, the impact of censorship and regulatory oversight significantly shaped the operational landscape of the press. This article is a descriptive one that will try to identify the role of the Intelligence Department and the press.