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    An alternative approach to total economy of the late Ottoman Empire
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Simseker, Somer Alp; Sabanci, Zeynep
    The Ottoman Empire until the eve of the First World War gave the impression of an agrarian society with modest manufacturing activities, mainly based on craft-based production. A major difficulty was to supply food for the army for a long time in total war conditions. This was an important indicator for the new leaders of Ottoman bureaucracy to develop a nationalist economic view. With an intention to enhance further argument, this study implies that the Ottoman officials with their strong ties to Young Turk Movement would have pursued a nationalist economy regardless of the total war status. So, this study proposes that the war and rising nationalism were not the sole reasons for creating a national economy, but merely footsteps along the way.
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    Öğe
    An Ancient Debate: Are There Any Industrial Facilities on Chemical Weapons in Ottoman?
    (E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2023) Sabanci, Zeynep
    The primary occupation of the states in the modern period is to manage the perception of the warfare in progress. Therefore, the humane factor in scientific investigation was articulated to this insane process. The insufficiency of the major weapons was evident in the very beginning of the WWI. So, the evolving nature of the war strategy, the integration of the area behind the front lines and the unforeseen period of the war broke out a great despair among the armed forces. Thus, the states took new ways to update the elements of violence in their agenda. They had chemicals, gas and suffocative elements in their pocket and set forth a proper plan to use them. This study aims to reveal the general areas of usage of chemical weapons and to discuss the awesome effects of them in trench warfare and war of attrition along with its analysis in Ottoman Army.