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Öğe Aroma compounds of non-alcoholic fermented beverage: Gilaburu juice(Sciendo, 2017) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Sevindik, Onur; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThe present research was planned to characterize the aroma composition of Viburnum opulus L. which is one important members of the Caprifoliaceae family. Volatile components of Viburnum opulus L. were extracted by use of the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction method gave highly representative aromatic extract of the studied sample. A total of 47 aroma compounds were found including acids, alcohols, ketones, volatile phenols, aldehydes, furans, lactones, an ester a terpene and a pyranone. Among all aroma compounds, isovaleric acid was found as the most abundant aroma compound in the fermented GR juice, having a 30% of total aroma concentration. Butanoic acid, 4-methyl catechol and propanoic acid were other aroma compounds found in higher concentrations (18%, 11% and 6% respectively).Öğe Characterization and comparative evaluation of volatile, phenolic and antioxidant properties of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2017) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanPistachio hull is a good source of natural phenolics and antioxidants. Thanks to these bioactive molecules, the use of pistachio hull as nutritional ingredients in foods has attracted the interest of the food industry. In this study, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and volatile compounds were measured in the hull of two cultivars of pistachio, Uzun and Ohadi. LC-ESI-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis; 11 compounds were identified and quantified in the samples in which the major phenolic compound was gallic acid. The aroma composition of the pistachio hulls was isolated by SAFE (solvent-assisted flavor evaporation) method with dichloromethane and analyzed by GC-MS. Aroma compounds, including terpenes, acids, alcohols, phenols, and benzenes, were identified in both types of hulls, numbering 22 in the Uzun variety and 20 in the Ohadi. A significant linear correlation was confirmed between total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hull extracts.Öğe Characterization of aroma-active and phenolic profiles of wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) by GC-MS-Olfactometry and LC-ESI-MS/MS(Springer India, 2016) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThe present study was designed to characterize the volatile, aroma-active and phenolic compounds of wild thyme. Volatile components of T. serpyllum were extracted by use of the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction method gave highly representative aromatic extract of the studied sample based on the sensory analysis. A total of 24 compounds were identified and quantified in Thymus serpyllum. Terpenes were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in the sample. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the first time for the determination of aroma-active compounds of Thymus serpyllum. In total, 12 aroma-active compounds were detected in the aromatic extract by GC-MS-Olfactometry and terpenes were the most abundant compounds. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis. 18 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the T. serpyllum. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin and rosmarinic acid were the most abundant phenolics in this herb.Öğe Characterization of Aroma-Active Compounds, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Properties in Fresh and Fermented Capers (Capparis spinosa) by GC-MS-Olfactometry and LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS(Wiley, 2019) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanCaper (Capparis spinosa) is an important food ingredient whose fresh parts, particularly the flower buds, are consumed as a starter with olives, cheese, and nuts, or are used as a component in other foods. It is one of the most popular species of aromatic plants grown in the Mediterranean zone. Fermentation makes the caper edible and affects the overall aroma as well as sensory and nutritional characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in aroma, aroma-active, and phenolic compounds of caper as affected by fermentation. Purge and trap method was used for the extraction of the aroma compounds, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry olfactometry and Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) were employed for the detection of aroma-active compounds and phenolics, respectively. The results showed that the total amount of aroma compounds decreased drastically (62,616 to 21,471 mu g/kg) in fermented sample. Twelve and 10 aroma-active compounds were detected in fresh and fermented caper buds, respectively, for the first time by the application of aroma extract dilution analysis. Among these compounds, methyl isothiocyanate (flavor dilution [FD] factor = 512) in fresh caper and acetic acid (FD factor = 128) in the fermented caper had the highest FD factor. With regard to the phenolic compounds, a total of 16 components were identified in fresh and fermented capers. As observed in aroma compounds, the total phenolic concentration decreased as a result of fermentation. Two phenolic compounds being kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside and isorhamnetin hexoside were newly identified in caper. Practical Applications Capparis spinosa is one of the most popular sources of different secondary metabolites of interest to consumers. The results of the present study showed that the fermentation process of the capers is highly influential on the neutral composition of the sample. The total concentrations of aroma and phenolic compounds were reduced by 66% and 78%, respectively, in response to fermentation process.Öğe Characterization of bioactive and volatile profiles of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) teas as affected by infusion times(Springer, 2018) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThe influence of different infusion times on phenolic, volatile, antioxidant, and colour properties of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) teas was investigated in the present study. The thyme teas were prepared using freshly boiled water at infusion times of 0, 2, and 5 min. The effect of infusion time on phenolics, volatiles, and antioxidant properties was clearly observed. Among the phenolic compounds identified in the samples by LC-MS-MS, luteolin-diglucuronide-glucuronide and protocatechuic acid-hexoside were identified for the first time ever in thyme teas, with the most dominant phenolic compound in all samples subsequently being luteolin-diglucuronide-glucuronide. A significant correlation between the phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties demonstrates that phenolic compounds affected the antioxidant potential of the thyme tea infusions. A total of 27 volatile compounds were identified and quantified in the samples. The main chemical group of the volatile compounds in the thyme teas was terpenes and represented almost 90% of the total volatiles in thyme teas. Among the terpenes, thymol (61.74-78.82%), p-cymene (8.92-17.90%) and carvacrol (4.41-5.62%) being the most abundant volatiles in all the teas. Results obtained by sensory evaluation indicate that taste panelists preferred thyme tea prepared at a 0-min infusion time.Öğe Characterization of the Aroma-Active, Phenolic, and Lipid Profiles of the Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Nut as Affected by the Single and Double Roasting Process(Amer Chemical Soc, 2015) Jose Rodriguez-Bencomo, Juan; Kelebek, Haşim; Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Miguel Rodriguez-Alcala, Luis; Fontecha, Javier; Selli, SerkanThe pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) nut is one of the most widely consumed edible nuts in the world. However, it is the roasting process that makes the pistachio commercially viable and valuable as it serves as the key step to improving the nut's hallmark sensory characteristics including flavor, color, and texture. Consequently, the present study explores the effects of the single-roasting and double-roasting process on the pistachio's chemical composition, specifically aroma-active compounds, polyphenols, and lipids. Results showed the total polyphenol content of increased with the roasting treatment; however, not all phenolic compounds demonstrated this behavior. With regard to the aroma and aroma-active compounds, the results indicated that roasting process results in the development of characteristics and pleasant aroma of pistachio samples due to the Maillard reaction. With regard to lipids, the pistachio roasting treatment reduced the concentration of CN38 diacylglycerides while increasing the amount of elaidic acid.Öğe Characterization of the key aroma compounds in tomato pastes as affected by hot and cold break process(Springer, 2018) Kelebek, Haşim; Kesen, Songul; Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Cetiner, Basak; Kola, Osman; Selli, SerkanThe popular flavor of tomato and its products are primarily due to a complex mixture of acids, sugars, amino acids, minerals, and volatile compounds. Within this mixture, the aroma of tomato and its products is an important attribute that greatly influences consumer acceptability and preference. In the present study, tomato and its two types of pastes, produced from hot and cold break methods, were subject to sensory profiling, aroma, and aroma-active compounds analysis. The key aroma compounds in tomato and its two types of pastes were characterized by application of direct solvent extraction with dichloromethane/solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) technique and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Fresh tomato and its paste volatiles were composed of alcohols, aldehydes, lactones, carboxylic acids, ketones, furans, esters, volatile phenols, 13-C norisoprenoid, terpene, and pyrrols. Via AEDA application, a total of 21 and 13 key odorants were detected in tomato and its pastes, respectively. In tomato pastes, lower numbers of aroma-active compounds than in fresh tomato were determined. The most important difference of aroma-active compounds in tomato and its pastes was hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, 2,3-butanediol, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, methyl salicylate, -ionone, 5-penthyl-2-(5H)-furanone and eugenol was not detected in tomato paste samples. On the basis of flavor dilution (FD) factors obtained by AEDA, the most powerful aroma-active compounds were (Z)-3-hexenal (FD=512; green-grassy), 4-methyl-(5H)-furan-2-one (FD=512; fruity), -ionone (FD=512; floral-violet) in tomato; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (FD=1024; green-leafy) in cold break tomato paste and furfural (FD=512; pungent) in hot break tomato paste. In the sensory analysis, the tomato paste produced with the cold processing method was more acclaimed in terms of color, smell, taste and fruity aroma than the paste produced via the hot processing method.Öğe Comparison of aroma, aroma-active, and phenolic compounds of crude and refined hazelnut oils(Wiley, 2022) Kesen, Songul; Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanHazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is an important shelled nut with its pleasant aroma. The refining process causes significant changes in the quality attributes of hazelnut oil. The aim of this study was to assess the aroma, aroma-active, and phenolic compounds of the crude and refined hazelnut oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-MS-olfactometry (GC-MS-O), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The antioxidant capacities were also determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. Results showed that terpenes and aldehydes constituted a significant portion of the aroma profile. Refining process dramatically reduced the numbers (from 63 to 25) and amounts of aroma compounds (from 36,769 to 4461 mu g/kg). Similarly, the numbers of aroma-active compounds were reduced from 22 to 8 by the refining process. Their flavor dilution factors ranged from 2 to 1024 for crude oil and from 2 to 32 in the refined oil. As of the phenolics, five and two compounds were quantified in the crude and refined oil samples, respectively. In sum, the refining process had a considerable adverse effect on the aroma, aroma-active, and phenolic constituents of the hazelnut oil; hence, the refining process has to be planned with minimal negative effect on its organoleptic properties.Öğe Effect of hulling methods and roasting treatment on phenolic compounds and physicochemical properties of cultivars 'Ohadi' and 'Uzun' pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThe aim of this study was to identify phenolic compounds and measure the physicochemical properties of two pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars ('Uzun' and 'Ohadi'). For this purpose, the pistachios were subjected to four different hulling methods (wet hulling-WT, brine hulling-BR, wet-dry hulling-WD, and dry-dry hulling-DD) and a standard roasting treatment. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Twelve phenolics were identified and quantified in the samples, 10 of which were flavonoid and two non-flavonoid phenolic acids. In both cultivars, the major compounds were found to be gallic acid and catechin followed by eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside and eriodictyol. The dry-dry hulling method treated sample had higher antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and phenolic compounds than the other hulling methods in both pistachio cultivars. After the roasting treatment, the antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, and a* value increased while the L* and b* values decreased.Öğe Elucidation of hulling-induced changes in the aroma and aroma-active compounds of cv. Uzun pistachio (Pistacia vera)(Wiley, 2019) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanBACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to define the effects of the hulling process on the aroma and aroma-active composition of cv. Uzun pistachio. Four different hulling processes, namely wet, wet-dry, dry-dry and brine, were applied. In addition, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) and purge and trap (P&T) extraction methods were also tested to obtain the best representative aroma extract. RESULTS The results revealed that the dry-dry hulling method was the most prominent according to the aroma and aroma-active compounds, and this was especially the case with terpene compounds. The method increased the content of terpenes, pyrazines and total aroma compounds. By application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), a total of 18 compounds were detected, of which 11 were identified for the first time in the fruit of pistachio. 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine, trimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine were the compounds that had the highest flavour dilution factors. CONCLUSION In general, the results of the present research indicated that the hulling method highly affected the overall aroma structure of pistachios. The dry-dry hulling method is therefore suggested to manufacturers to obtain better pistachios with rich and high-quality aroma. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe GC-MS olfactometric and LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS characterization of key odorants and phenolic compounds in black dry-salted olives(Wiley, 2018) Selli, Serkan; Kelebek, Haşim; Kesen, Songul; Sönmezdağ, Ahmet SalihBACKGROUNDOlives are processed in different ways depending on consumption habits, which vary between countries. Different de-bittering methods affect the aroma and aroma-active compounds of table olives. This study focused on analyzing the aroma and aroma-active compounds of black dry-salted olives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) techniques. RESULTSThirty-nine volatile compounds which they have a total concentration of 29 459 mu gkg(-1), were determined. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used to determine key aroma compounds of table olives. Based on the flavor dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma-active compounds in the sample were methyl-2-methyl butyrate (tropical, sweet; FD: 512) and (Z)-3-hexenol (green, flowery; FD: 256). Phenolic compounds in table olives were also analyzed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 20 main phenolic compounds were identified and the highest content of phenolic compound was luteolin-7-glucoside (306mgkg(-1)), followed by verbascoside (271mgkg(-1)), oleuropein (231mgkg(-1)), and hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA) (221mgkg(-1)). CONCLUSIONAlcohols, carboxylic acids, and lactones were qualitatively and quantitatively the dominant volatiles in black dry-salted olives. Results indicated that esters and alcohols were the major aroma-active compounds. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical IndustryÖğe Identification of Aroma Compounds of Lamiaceae Species in Turkey Using the Purge and Trap Technique(Mdpi, 2017) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThe present research was planned to characterize the aroma composition of important members of the Lamiaceae family such as Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica. Aroma components of the S. officinalis, L. angustifolia and M. asiatica were extracted with the purge and trap technique with dichloromethane and analyzed with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A total of 23, 33 and 33 aroma compounds were detected in Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica, respectively including, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons and terpenes. Terpene compounds were both qualitatively and quantitatively the major chemical group among the identified aroma compounds, followed by esters. The main terpene compounds were 1,8-cineole, sabinene and linalool in Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha asiatica, respectively. Among esters, linalyl acetate was the only and most important ester compound which was detected in all samples.Öğe Identification of aroma compounds of Vibirnum opulus L. juice using the purge and trap technique(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Sevindik, Onur; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, Serkan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS profiling of phenolic and aroma compounds of high oleic sunflower oil during deep-fat frying(Wiley, 2019) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kesen, Songul; Amanpour, Asghar; Güçlü, Gamze; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanSunflower oils obtained after frying potatoes for different times (1, 5, and 10) and non-fried oils were analyzed. In total, 43 aroma substances were identified by GC-MS analyses and aldehydes were detected as the main chemical group. The concentration of aldehydes increased with the frying process and among them, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E)-2-heptenal, and hexanal were found to be the major aroma compounds. High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, coupled with mass in tandem mode, were employed for quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds. Rutin was the major phenolic compound in sunflower oils followed by chlorogenic acid, and they constituted the largest proportion of the total phenolic content in all oil samples. The concentration of phenolic compounds of sunflower oil revealed essential changes during several thermal processes and underwent degradation during heating. Only about 2% of its initial content presented after 10 frying process. Practical applications The present study explores the effects of the deep-fat frying process on aroma and phenolic compositions of sunflower oil. The cooking technique plays a significant role in the expanding global food industry. The findings of the research could be helpful for standardizing and preserving the taste, aroma, and nutritional value of the used oils and foods. Additionally, for the researchers, this study would give insight for identification and qualification phenolic and aroma compounds of sunflower oil.Öğe Pistachio oil (Pistacia vera L. cv. Uzun): Characterization of key odorants in a representative aromatic extract by GC-MS-olfactometry and phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanVolatile, aroma-active, and phenolic compounds of pistachio oil obtained from cv. Uzun were investigated in the current study. To obtain a representative aromatic extract, three of the most widely used extraction methods were compared using a representative test; the solvent-assisted flavour extraction (SAFE) aromatic extract from pistachio oil was found to be the most representative. A total of 50 aroma compounds were determined in pistachio oil and it was found that terpenes, aldehydes, and alcohols were the most abundant volatile compounds. Applying GC-MS-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) resulted in a total of 14 aroma-active areas being detected in the extract of pistachio oil. In the phenolic fraction obtained by the LC-ESI-MS/MS method, a total of 12 phenolic compounds was found in the pistachio oil, of which seven compounds were reported for the first time. Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside and protocatechuic acid were the most dominant phenolic compounds. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The most aroma-active compounds in shade-dried aerial parts of basil obtained from Iran and Turkey(Elsevier, 2018) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Amanpour, Armin; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanVolatile profile, aroma-active compounds and odor activity values of the shade-dried aerial parts of basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated. Basil samples used under the study were provided from Iran and Turkey. Volatile compounds were isolated using a purge and trap extraction system and analyzed by gas chromatography olfactometry. A total of 50 volatile compounds of which 29 originated from Iranian and 32 were of Turkish origin were determined. Terpenes were present at the overwhelmingly highest levels, followed by alcohols and aldehydes. Of the terpenes, methyl chavicol was the main compound of both samples. The aroma-active compounds of basils were investigated by using aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) for the first time. The application of AEDA revealed 18 aroma-active compounds, including terpenes (10), aldehydes (3), ketone (1), phenol (1), alcohol (1), and unknown compounds (2) were detected. Linalool and methyl chavicol had the greatest flavour dilution (FD) factors in both samples, amounting to 2048 and 1024, respectively.Öğe Volatile and key odourant compounds of Turkish Berberis crataegina fruit using GC-MS-Olfactometry(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Sönmezdağ, Ahmet Salih; Kelebek, Haşim; Selli, SerkanThis research was conducted to identify the aroma and aroma-active compounds of Berberis crataegina for the first time. Volatile profile of B. crataegina was obtained using the purge and trap extraction method with dichloromethane. Gas chromatography was coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) allowed the quantitative and qualitative detection of 22 compounds in the sample. Aldehydes were the main chemical group in the sample and followed by aromatic alcohols and lactone. Aroma extract dilution analysis was implemented for the specification of key odourants of B. crataegina. In total, eight key odourants were detected in the extract of the sample, using GC-MS-Olfactometry and aldehydes were the leading chemical group. The key odourants, found to be contributing to the overall aroma in B. crataegina, were nonanal (FD = 1024; green, flowery), hexanal (FD = 512; green) and linalool (FD = 256; flowery, rose) because of high FD factors. [GRAPHICS] .
