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    Resource efficiency and environmental sustainability of wheat production in T�rkiye
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Ozturk, Mujdat; Yildizhan, Hasan; Ameen, Arman
    The environmental impact of agricultural production varies depending on input levels. This study provides a comparative sustainability assessment of wheat production in two different provinces of T & uuml;rkiye, Samsun and Tokat, by examining the energy, exergy and environmental performance on a per ton basis. Based on exergy consumption, Cumulative Degree of Perfection (CDP) and Renewability Index (RI) indicators were determined. The results show that Cumulative Energy Consumption (CEnC) is 7262.93 MJ/ton in Samsun and 3502.97 MJ/ton in Tokat. This indicates that wheat production in Samsun is approximately twice as energy intensive as in Tokat. Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) was calculated as 10514.76 MJ/ton in Samsun and 5400.88 MJ/ton in Tokat. Here, the largest component of the exergy load is irrigation, followed by diesel consumption. From an environmental perspective, Cumulative CO2 Emissions (CCO2E) was found to be 957.5 kg/ton in Samsun and 562.27 kg/ton in Tokat. The sustainability metrics, CDP and RI values, were calculated as 2.13 and 0.53 for Samsun and 4.14 and 0.76 for Tokat, respectively. Based on these findings, it is evident that Samsun has lower exergetic efficiency and a limited degree of renewability due to higher fuel and irrigation inputs. These results suggest that Tokat presents a more sustainable model for wheat production.
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    Resource Use Efficiency and Environmental Impacts in Strawberry Production: An Energy-Exergy Analysis
    (MDPI, 2025) Ozturk, Mujdat; Kayabasi, Ramazan; Yildizhan, Hasan; Ameen, Arman
    This study presents a comprehensive sustainability assessment of open field strawberry production in Batman, T & uuml;rkiye, utilizing thermodynamic-based analyses. The inputs used during the production phase were obtained through survey data collected from local farms over the past few growing seasons. This study is the first to provide an integrated energy, exergy, and environmental assessment of open-field strawberry production in the Batman region, offering novel insights into resource efficiency and sustainability evaluation in agricultural systems. The evaluation was conducted for a functional unit of one ton of strawberries by analysing the cumulative energy consumption (CEnC), cumulative exergy consumption (CExC), and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (CCO2E). The total CEnC was calculated to be 1207.8 MJ/ton, with nitrogen fertilizer (390.91 MJ/ton) and diesel fuel (229.67 MJ/ton) being the most significant inputs. The total CExC was 1919.82 MJ/ton, where farmyard manure (1170.19 MJ/ton) was the dominant contributor, accounting for approximately 61% of the total. The total carbon footprint (CCO2E) was determined to be 41.43 kg/ton, with irrigation water (10.19 kg/ton) and farmyard manure (10.14 kg/ton) being the primary sources. Key sustainability indicators, the Cumulative Degree of Perfection (CDP) and Renewability Indicator (RI), were calculated as 1.34 and 0.26, respectively. The CDP value is notably higher than that of other open field strawberry studies, while the low RI value indicates a heavy reliance on non-renewable resources. The findings highlight that improving sustainability requires a focus on efficient manure management and reducing fossil fuel-based energy consumption.
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    Thermodynamic and environmental assessment of apple production in T�rkiye: regional comparison and agrivoltaic integration
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025) Ozturk, Mujdat; Kayabasi, Ramazan; Yildizhan, Hasan; Ameen, Arman
    This study presents a comprehensive thermodynamic and environmental assessment of apple cultivation across three major production regions in T & uuml;rkiye: Antalya, Isparta and Ni & gbreve;de. This study is the first to provide an integrated energy, exergy and environmental assessment of agricultural voltaic systems by conducting a resource efficiency and sustainability assessment for open field apple production in T & uuml;rkiye. Using a functional unit of one ton of apple production, the analysis integrates cumulative energy consumption (CEnC), cumulative exergy consumption (CExC) and cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (CCO2E) to reveal the sustainability performance of regional farming systems. The results indicate significant spatial variations linked to climatic and operational factors. Ni & gbreve;de exhibited the highest total energy (3098 MJ/ton) and exergy (2975 MJ/ton) consumptions, mainly due to diesel-powered irrigation and mechanization, resulting in a cumulative carbon footprint of 125 kg CO2/ton. Conversely, Antalya recorded the lowest total emissions (33 kg CO2/ton) with a balanced energy profile dominated by fertilizers and electricity use. Isparta demonstrated the most thermodynamically efficient and renewable system, achieving the highest cumulative degree of perfection (CDP) (3.80) and Renewability Index (RI) (0.74) values. The integration of agrivoltaic systems (AVS) has further enhanced sustainability across all provinces, particularly in Ni & gbreve;de, by increasing CDP by up to 97%. These findings highlight the significant role that renewable energy integration plays in reducing carbon intensity and increasing resource efficiency in apple cultivation. By providing a region-specific perspective on agricultural thermodynamics, the study provides strategic insights into the transition to sustainable and climate-resilient food production systems in T & uuml;rkiye.