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    Effects of EU-Compliant mining waste regulation on Turkish mining sector: A review of characterization, classification, storage, management, recovery of mineral wastes
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Yildiz, Taskin Deniz; Guener, Mehmet Oguz; Kural, Orhan
    Mining Waste Regulation in Turkiye entered into force on 15/07/2015. The important issues envisaged in the Regulation are as follows: Determination of waste characterization and collection of mineral wastes under three groups as hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste and inert waste, classification of mineral waste disposal facilities as Category A and Category B, regulations on the management of mineral wastes, waste recovery & financial guarantee. According to this regulation, the wastes generated as a result of mining activities; Although it is foreseen as hazardous waste, non-hazardous waste, or inert waste, most of the wastes generated as a result of mining activities are classified as hazardous waste and treated as industrial waste with the Regulation. Obligations that were previously required for the wastes of mines that only required cyanide or chemical treatment have now become desirable for almost all mining wastes with the entry into force of this new regulation. In Turkiye and the European Union, there are many legal regulations regarding wastes, including mining wastes. However, as in the EU, there are serious problems in the management of mining wastes in Turkiye. For this reason, the development of environmentally friendly mining needs to analyze the gaps and mistakes of the Turkish mining waste legislation, which is tried to be based on the EU legislation. Additionally, mineral waste recovery will contribute to the feasibility of mining operations. In this direction, this study has been prepared by reviewing studies published on mining waste legislation. This study discusses mine waste legislation in Turkiye by referring to a few EU regulations that have been taken as examples in the enactment of Mining Waste Regulations in Turkiye and in the enactment of regulations on waste prior to this regulation. The study includes information and discussions in the direction that the authorities that prepare and implement mining waste legislation in the world can benefit from. In line with the feasibility of mining investments, the suggestions of the mining industry and the doctrine on mining waste legislation are included.
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    The effects of the mining operation activities permit process on the mining sector in Turkey
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2020) Yıldız, Taşkın Deniz; Kural, Orhan
    The most important problems faced by mining are the long permit application periods and the obstacle to bureaucracy. In Turkey, mining operating license and operation permits are given by the Mining and Petroleum Affairs Department (MAPEG) affiliated to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). However, in order to start operation activities today, it is necessary to obtain permissions from 15 to 20 separate units of 8–10 different Ministries. The requirement to obtain permission from such a large number of institutions in order to carry out mining operation activities causes delays and investment losses in the permit process. In order to find solutions to these problems, some questions were asked to mining companies in 2018 through the SurveyMonkey. According to the survey, other permits in Turkey (such as “landownership permit” and “business license and work permit”) are mostly given to mining enterprises in a period of 3–34 months. This indicates that the rule that “permits required for mining operation activities should be completed within 3 months at the latest in the EIA process” does not work in Turkey. In addition, this caused an average investment loss of 21% within the total investment amounts of mining enterprises. This causes Turkey's ranking in the world in investment attractiveness index (IAI) and other categories to decrease or become unstable. Moreover, it causes many mining investors to stop investing in Turkey. Completion of the permit processes within a certain period of time will remove a major obstacle for the mining investor. Mining enterprises require that the operation permit be issued within a period of 2–6 months from the receipt of the operating license. Increasing license security will reduce the risks in mining investments, which will enable the mining sector to develop rapidly. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
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    TO WHAT EXTENT IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT MINING ACTIVITIES IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS AND ESPECIALLY OLIVE GROVES: SOLUTION EXPECTATIONS OF ENTERPRISES
    (2021) Yıldız, Taşkın Deniz; Kural, Orhan; Aslan, Zehreddin
    Overlapping of mining areas and agricultural areas can occur frequently. In agricultural areas, the most common problems in mining occur in olive groves. In the case of overlapping of mining areas and olive fields, the “Law on Breeding of Olives and Vaccination of Wilds” (Olive Law) is taken into consideration. As a result of the amendment made in Article 20 (1) of this Law in 1995, the following provision was envisaged: “Except for the olive oil factory located within the olive grove and at least 3 kilometers (km) from these fields, the facility that leaves chemical waste, dust and fumes that can prevent the vegetative and generative development of olive groves cannot be built and operated.” However, in practice, it is observed that mining is not allowed within 3 km without examining whether mining will prevent the vegetative and generative development of olive groves. Thus, when these banned areas are brought together, the areas where mining can be done in Turkey have been narrowed to a great extent. It is an erroneous approach to suggest that mining is superior to olive cultivation and vice versa compared to mining and olive cultivation. Olive and mining are two different economic activities that must be maintained for the country’s economy. For sustainable development, these activities need to be continued without hindering each other. It is expected for necessary regulations to be made in the Turkish mining legislation by taking the applications of the countries, which have a coast to the Mediterranean and are developed in terms of olive industry, into account.