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    The development of the Ottoman military industry: response to innovations in small arms technology (conversion and interchangeability)
    (Voprosy Istorii, 2021) Sabanci, Z.; Kanat, S. Ozcelik
    This study aims to analyze the munition making process of the Ottoman defense industry in the second half of the 19th century in parallel with the modern style of warfare, namely interchangeability (intersanjabil). The Ottomans, mostly a purchaser of war materials, pursued a state-sponsored policy to design their state-arsenals which remained modest and diminutive, but still active and productive till the end of the Great War. The attainment of interchangeability in the Ottoman defense industry was a conscious policy to reduce the costs of production and minimize the dependence upon Western technology.