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    A stochastic bilevel model to manage symbiotic flows in an Industrial Symbiosis network under demand uncertainty
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2026) Da, Gulesin Sena; Ilkaya, Murat Ye; Altinkaynak, Bura; Birgoren, Burak
    Industrial symbiosis (IS) networks offer a valuable means of reducing environmental impacts by optimizing by-products utilization and minimizing resource consumption. However, managing these networks remains challenging due to uncertainties in supply and demand, as well as the hierarchical decision-making structures within eco-industrial parks (EIPs). This study presents a novel stochastic bilevel programming model to coordinate by-product flows in an IS network. The model balances the EIP authority's objective of minimizing raw material use with companies' objectives of maximizing profits under uncertain demand. Unlike single-objective models, our bilevel approach uncovers intricate relationships between conflicting objectives. Applied to a theoretical IS network in the forest products industry, the model shows that demand fluctuations disrupt material flows and increase raw material consumption, worsening the EIP authority's environmental objectives, however, paradoxically, boost company profits by encouraging higher production. This interesting trade-off between the hierarchical objectives along with the model's ability to maintain feasible operations under varying demand conditions demonstrates the network's resilience.
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    Modeling an Industrial Symbiosis Network using Bilevel Programming
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Das, Gulesin Sena; Yesilkaya, Murat; Altinkaynak, Busra; Birgoren, Burak
    In this study, we propose a bilevel programming model for a theoretical industrial symbiosis network located in an Eco-Industrial Park. Plants in this forest products-based network comprising a sawmill, a plywood manufacturer, a particleboard producer, a fiberboard producer and a pellet producer aim to minimize their production related costs. On the other hand, the park authority aims to minimize the use of raw materials to foster by-product exchange in the park. Therefore, we propose a bilevel programming model where the park authority is the upper-level decision-maker/leader and the plants in the network are the lower-level decision makers/followers. Our aim is to investigate the effects of industrial symbiosis on emissions and the profitability of the companies. Results s how only by decreasing raw material use, companies in such a network could stay profitable without increasing emissions. © 2021 IEEE.