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    3D-Printed Antenna Design Using Graphene Filament and Copper Tape for High-Tech Air Components
    (Sae Int, 2023) Aydin, Emine Avsar; Bicer, Mustafa Berkan; Mert, Mehmet Erman; Ozgur, Ceyla; Mert, Basak Dogru
    Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies can produce lighter parts; reduce manual assembly processes; reduce the number of production steps; shorten the production cycle; significantly reduce material consumption; enable the production of prostheses, implants, and artificial organs; and produce end-user products since it is used in many sectors for many reasons; it has also started to be used widely, especially in the field of aerospace. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) was preferred for the antenna substrate because it is environmentally friendly, easy to recycle, provides convenience in production design with a three-dimensional (3D) printer, and is less expensive compared to other available materials. Copper (Cu) tape and graphene filament were employed for the antenna patch component due to their benefits. The comprehensive comparative analysis between a full-wave model and a 3D-printed prototype of the antenna via the CST Microwave Studio program was demonstrated here. The surface characterization was achieved with scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis. The homogeneous Cu and oxidized graphene (GO) were detected. The weight percent of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) on the graphene surface was 59.82% and 40.18%, respectively. The Cu (111), Cu (200), and Cu (220) peaks were determined on the Cu tape. The GO (011) peak was seen in the XRD spectra of the graphene sheet. The simulation and measurement comparisons are quite satisfactory. The antennas, produced using a conventional 3D printer, will be beneficial for various applications in aeronautics and astronautics.
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    A novel 3D printed curved monopole microstrip antenna design for biomedical applications
    (Springer, 2021) Bicer, Mustafa Berkan; Aydin, Emine Avsar
    This paper proposes a novel and compact monopole microstrip antenna design with a three-dimensional (3D) printed curved substrate for biomedical applications. A curved substrate was formed by inserting a semi-cylinder structure in the middle of the planar substrate consisting of polylactic acid. The antenna was fed with a microstrip line, and a partial ground plane was formed at the bottom side of the substrate. The copper plane with two triangular slots is arranged on the curved semi-cylinder structure of the substrate. The physical dimensions of the radiating plane and ground plane were optimally determined with the use of the sparrow search algorithm to provide a wide-10 dB bandwidth between 3 and 12 GHz. A total of six microstrip antennas having different parameters related to physical dimensions were designed and simulated to compare the performance of the proposed antenna with the help of full-wave electromagnetic simulation software called CST Microwave Studio. The proposed curved antenna was fabricated, and a PNA network analyzer was used to measure the S-11 of the proposed antenna. It was demonstrated that the measured S-11 covers the desired frequency range.
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    Analyzing equilateral triangle compact microstrip antennas using Gaussian process regression for telemedicine and mobile biomedical imaging systems
    (Springer, 2023) Bicer, Mustafa Berkan; Aydin, Emine Avsar
    Antennas are vital in the internet of things (IoT) for enabling telemedicine and healthcare communication between devices and networks. They receive and transmit signals, extending range, improving efficiency, and reducing power consumption. Antennas are versatile and can be integrated into devices or added as external modules. Their flexibility and adaptability are important in applications involving humans, as they can bend and conform to the shape of the body. Overall, antennas are a crucial and adaptable component of IoT technology. The first thing that needs to be done is to determine the frequency at which the antenna should operate for the problem at hand and design an antenna that can work at those resonant frequencies. In this study, equilateral triangular-shaped compact microstrip antennas (ETMAs) were chosen, and their resonance frequencies were calculated using the Gaussian process regression method (GPR). For this purpose, 630 ETMA were simulated, and a dataset was created utilizing the antenna characteristics and resonant frequencies. Support vector machines (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and GPR models were trained on the obtained data set. To validate the performance of the trained models, two ETMAs with an outer length of 50 mm and an inner slot length of 5 mm were fabricated utilizing polylactic acid (PLA) and felt-based substrates with copper tape as the conducting material. The accuracy of the resonant frequency estimation using the GPR approach for the fabricated antennas is 2.833% and 1.706% for the PLA- and felt-based antennas, respectively, when compared to the measurement results. The GPR model trained in this study has an accuracy of 0.470% and 0.662% when compared to simulations in the literature and measurement results, respectively. In addition, one of the designed antennas is in wearable form, and the other is PLA, produced with a low-cost 3D printer, allowing continuous monitoring of patients with high cancer risk. In this article, an easier and cheaper microstrip patch antenna that can be used for imaging and telemedicine applications is designed with a copper band on one flexible and one rigid substrate, and its performance is analyzed experimentally.
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    Design and Fabrication of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Various Flexible Substrates
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Bicer, Mustafa Berkan; Aydin, Emine Avsar
    In addition to being small, light, practical, and cheap to manufacture, microstrip antennas are also exceedingly difficult to obtain the most suitable electrical parameters such as resonance frequency, bandwidth, return loss, gain, efficiency, and standing wave ratio. To achieve this, researchers are trying different physical structures and applying optimization techniques to them in order to obtain the most suitable radiation power and shape in different sizes and materials. Especially at high frequencies, the dielectric property of the material used can change all the parameters of microstrip antennas and affect the antenna performance to a great extent. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of the physical structure and electrical properties of various textile materials and obtaining the most suitable material. For this purpose, textile-based wearable rectangular microstrip antenna designs were carried out on three different resonant frequency bands, which are widely used with different textile products such as felt, photo paper, and fiberglass, and their performances were examined. The proposed antennas on felt, photographic paper, and fiberglass substrates, were designed and manufactured. The feeding line and radiating and ground planes were formed using conductive (copper) tape. The operating frequency range of the antenna was chosen between 2 GHz and 10 GHz, and the simulated gain of the antenna was obtained as 5.31 dB. The measurement S11results demonstrate that the results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. The proposed antenna allows continuous monitoring of patients at high risk of cancer. © 2021 IEEE.
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    Electromagnetic and Chemical Analysis and Performance Comparison of Inset-fed Rectangular Microstrip Antennas
    (Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2023) Aydin, Emine Avsar; Bicer, Mustafa Berkan; Mert, Mehmet Erman; Mert, Basak Dogru
    A simple method for creating lightweight and inexpensive microstrip patch antennas using reduced graphene oxide or acetylene black added epoxy resin was developed. The biggest goal in the method is optimizing the appropriate chemicals and production processes for producing the materials with the designed properties. Five examples of an inset-fed microstrip patch antenna operating at approximately 2.0-12.0 GHz were designed based on the antenna's basic analytical formula. Their models were created in a 3D electromagnetic simulation environment. After examining the performance results of the design, the appropriate design models were produced with both 3D printer technology and wet-chemical methods, and the experimental results were compared with the simulation results. The produced reduced graphene oxide or acetylene black added samples ' structure was illuminated with scanning electron microscope images, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The measured S-11 characteristics of the antennas provide better performance as compared to the simulated results. The measured S-11 parameters for the two and three frequency bands fell substantially below -10 dB. As a result of the dielectric constants of the materials and the fabrication of the radiation plane, horizontal shifts were detected in the measurement outcomes.