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Öğe Amino acid and fatty acid profiles of perennial Baki™ bean(Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Craine, Evan B.; Barriball, Spencer; Sakiroglu, Muhammet; Peters, Tessa; Schlautman, BrandonTo realize the potential of sainfoins to contribute to sustainable agriculture and expand on demonstrated uses and benefits, de novo domestication is occurring to develop perennial Baki (TM) bean, the trade name used by The Land Institute for pulses (i.e., grain legumes) derived from sainfoins. The objective of this study was to characterize amino acid and fatty acid profiles of depodded seeds from commercial sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) seed lots, and compare these results with data published in the Global Food Composition Database for Pulses. The fatty acid profile consisted primarily of polyunsaturated fatty acids (56.8%), compared to monounsaturated (29.0%) and saturated fatty acids (14.2%), and n-3 fatty acids (39.5%), compared to n-9 (28.4%) and n-6 (17.6%) fatty acids. The essential fatty acid linolenic acid (18,3 n-3) was the most abundant fatty acid (39.2%), followed by oleic acid (18,1 cis-9) (27.8%), and the essential fatty acid linoleic acid (18,2 n-6) (17.3%). The amino acid profile consisted primarily of the nonessential amino acids glutamic acid (18.3%), arginine (11.6%), and aspartic acid (10.8%), followed by the essential amino acids leucine (6.8%), and lysine (5.8%). Essential amino acid content met adult daily requirements for each amino acid. This indicates that sainfoin seeds may be a complete plant protein source. However, further research is necessary to better understand protein quality, defined by protein digestibility in addition to the amino acid profile. By demonstrating favorable fatty acid and amino acid profiles to human health, these results contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting the potential benefits of perennial Baki (TM) bean, a novel, perennial pulse derived from sainfoins.Öğe Nutritional quality of Onobrychis viciifolia (Scop.) seeds: A potentially novel perennial pulse crop for human use(Wiley, 2023) Craine, Evan B.; Sakiroglu, Muhammet; Peters, Tessa E.; Barriball, Spencer; Schlautman, BrandonOnobrychis viciifolia (hereafter sainfoin) is an autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 28), allogamous insect-pollinated perennial legume originating from the Caucasus that has historically been cultivated as a forage. As a perennial legume, sainfoin has the potential to improve the sustainability of agriculture and food systems in multiple ways. Sainfoin can provide continuous living cover and biological nitrogen fixation to enhance soil fertility and health. It can also provide ecosystem services as a resource for pollinators and wildlife in addition to nitrogen fixation. Building on this history of valuable uses, The Land Institute is developing sainfoin as a pulse crop for human use. With the goal of supporting human diets with a sustainable, perennial protein source and nutrient-dense crop, this innovation requires a thorough understanding of the chemical composition of sainfoin seeds to ensure safety and potential nutritional quality. Using seeds from commercial sainfoin varieties developed for forage production, grown by commercial sainfoin seed growers in the western United States, this study evaluates seed composition as part of an ongoing investigation into sainfoin's potential as a novel pulse. We found crude protein content (38.78%) comparable with soybean and lupine, fat content (6.96%) comparable with lupine and chickpea, and starch (7.1%) and dietary fiber content (48.96%) comparable with lupine. Phytic acid content was higher than pulses (1790.89 mg). Ash (3.81%), iron (64.14 ppm), and zinc contents (61.63 ppm) were in the higher end of the range for pulses. This study indicates that sainfoin could become a novel, nutrient-dense crop for human nutrition. Future studies are required to further characterize seed composition and safety and demonstrate how common legume processing techniques may influence nutritional quality.Öğe Perennial Baki™ Bean Safety for Human Consumption: Evidence from an Analysis of Heavy Metals, Folate, Canavanine, Mycotoxins, Microorganisms and Pesticides(Mdpi, 2024) Craine, Evan B.; Sakiroglu, Muhammet; Barriball, Spencer; Peters, Tessa E.; Schlautman, BrandonGlobal food production relies on annual grain crops. The reliability and productivity of these crops are threatened by adaptations to climate change and unsustainable rates of soil loss associated with their cultivation. Perennial grain crops, which do not require planting every year, have been proposed as a transformative solution to these challenges. Perennial grain crops typically rely on wild species as direct domesticates or as sources of perenniality in hybridization with annual grains. Onobrychis spp. (sainfoins) are a genus of perennial legumes domesticated as ancient forages. Baki (TM) bean is the tradename for pulses derived from sainfoins, with ongoing domestication underway to extend demonstrated benefits to sustainable agriculture. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence characterizing the nutritional quality of Baki (TM) bean. Through two studies, we investigated the safety of Baki (TM) bean for human consumption. We quantified heavy metals, folate, and canavanine for samples from commercial seed producers, and we quantified levels of mycotoxins, microorganisms, and pesticides in samples from a single year and seed producer, representing different varieties and production locations. The investigated analytes were not detectable or occurred at levels that do not pose a significant safety risk. Overall, this study supports the safety of Baki (TM) bean for human consumption as a novel pulse crop.Öğe Sainfoin (Onobrychis spp.) crop ontology: supporting germplasm characterization and international research collaborations(Frontiers Media Sa, 2023) Karabulut, Ebrar; Erkoc, Kubra; Aci, Murat; Aydin, Mahmut; Barriball, Spencer; Braley, Jackson; Cassetta, EricSainfoin (Onobrychis spp.) is a perennial forage legume that is also attracting attention as a perennial pulse with potential for human consumption. The dual use of sainfoin underpins diverse research and breeding programs focused on improving sainfoin lines for forage and pulses, which is driving the generation of complex datasets describing high dimensional phenotypes in the post-omics era. To ensure that multiple user groups, for example, breeders selecting for forage and those selecting for edible seed, can utilize these rich datasets, it is necessary to develop common ontologies and accessible ontology platforms. One such platform, Crop Ontology, was created in 2008 by the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) to host crop-specific trait ontologies that support standardized plant breeding databases. In the present study, we describe the sainfoin crop ontology (CO). An in-depth literature review was performed to develop a comprehensive list of traits measured and reported in sainfoin. Because the same traits can be measured in different ways, ultimately, a set of 98 variables (variable = plant trait + method of measurement + scale of measurement) used to describe variation in sainfoin were identified. Variables were formatted and standardized based on guidelines provided here for inclusion in the sainfoin CO. The 98 variables contained a total of 82 traits from four trait classes of which 24 were agronomic, 31 were morphological, 19 were seed and forage quality related, and 8 were phenological. In addition to the developed variables, we have provided a roadmap for developing and submission of new traits to the sainfoin CO.
