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    A comprehensive review of DC electric spring structures for sustainable new-generation DC microgrids: Topologies, control methods, challenges and opportunities
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2026) Ayten, Kenan; Savrun, Murat Mustafa
    The accelerating integration of Renewable Energy Sources to struggle climate change brings some challenges of instability, power imbalance because of their intermittent energy production characteristic. Also, most of RESs such as photovoltaic and wind have Direct Current (DC) output. Therefore, DC micro grids (DCMG) has become more popular with increasing in DC input load, such as information technology devices and electrical vehicles (EVs). Increasing use of DC loads and intermittent characteristic of RESs cause power quality problems such as power instability and voltage sag/swell in DCMG. These power quality challenges are crucial important in newgeneration DCMG because it affects to critical loads such as information technology devices. In order to solve this issue, DC electric spring (DCES), which are demand side management technology have been investigated. Most of researches on topologies, control methods and energy management systems, have been presented in literature since it was reported. This study aims to assist and provide guidance to researchers working in this field by reviewing and comparing the all existing studies in the DCES topologies for DCMG. The existing topologies are categorized and different methodologies used in the DCES system are detailed. Finally, challenges and opportunities have been summarized and emphasized for researchers' future works.
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    Design and implementation of an improved bidirectional dces for power quality improvement in DC microgrid
    (Adana Alparslan Türkeş Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, 2026) Ayten, Kenan; Savrun, Murat Mustafa
    This thesis presents a high-voltage gain, bidirectional hybrid DCES topology. The proposed topology has ability to operate in both series and shunt DCES modes. In the proposed topology, the series DCES mode controls demand-side management when providing voltage regulation of the critical load. The shunt DCES mode provide bidirectionla power flow between battery and DC mictrogrid. This allow to charge battery with excess energy from the DC microgrid, when providing voltage regulation of the critical load. On the other hand, this thesis presents two controllers and a hysteresis control algorithm for the proposed topology. The hysteresis control algorithm provides to ensure effective operation in both modes and a smooth transition between modes. The theoretical basis of the proposed topology is established with mathematical equations. This thesis presents the validity of all these proposed systems through simulation and experimental results. In experimental studies, a prototype of the proposed topology operating in a 48V, 1kW DC microgrid scenario was produced. The proposed topology is powered by a 45V, 5Ah battery. Experimental tests were carried out by reducing the system's nominal values by 1/5. The experimental results are consistent with simulation studies of the proposed topology.
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    Design and Modelling of Three-Port Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for PV-Battery Integrated DC Microgrid Systems
    (IEEE Computer Society, 2024) Ayten, Kenan; Savrun, Murat Mustafa
    This paper proposes a novel non-isolated bidirectional three-port converter (TPC) based on a KY boost converter and an interleaved boost converter for photovoltaic (PV) powered and battery-buffered systems. The proposed three-port converter integrates ports of the PV array, battery pack and DC microgrid bus bar. Proposed converter is composed of two power switch, an LC filter for battery, boost inductor for PV array and KY boost converter, which is consist of a charge pump capacitor and two series switches. In the proposed converter, the charge pump capacitor and boost inductor provide a voltage gain, thus, the number of series battery cells and PV array can be reduced for a lower cost. On the other hand, a two-control loop scheme has been designed to control power flow between the ports and perform a smooth transition between the loops. To test the effectiveness of the proposed TPC, a MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation model has been developed with a 1 kW PV array, 37 V 10 Ah battery pack and 64 V DC microgrid. The performance of the proposed converter has been analyzed for different case studies and loading conditions. According to the simulation results, 96% peak efficiency of the converter has been achieved and maximum power from PV has been extracted with MPPT mode selection. The results show that the proposed converter has some advantages in terms of the number of switches, multi-loop control, bidirectional power flow, cost and efficiency. © 2024 IEEE.
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    Maximum Power Point Tracking Performance Benchmarking of High Step-Up DC-DC Converters
    (2022) Ayten, Kenan; Savrun, Murat Mustafa
    Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as photovoltaic panels (PV) and fuel cells (FC) are frequently equipped with DC-DC converters to regulate output voltage and to extract maximum energy because of their intermittent nature. In addition to regulation capability, the DC-DC converters need to increase low output voltage levels of RESs with their high gain capability. Although conventional boost converters are a good candidate to reduce the number of series-connected PV panels, they have recently been replaced by high voltage gain step-up DC-DC converters due to the disadvantages of limited voltage gain and high switching stress. The main aims of the high gain converters are to provide high voltage gain and to extract maximum power from the PV systems. In this paper, the benchmarking of maximum power extraction capabilities of high step-up DC-DC converters for PV-powered systems, have been presented. Three different high gain step-up DC-DC converter topologies: (i) quadratic boost converter (QBC), (ii) three level boost converter (TLBC), (iii) stacked boost converter (SBC) have been analysed under maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode that uses the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. 5.11 kW PV-powered system has been modelled in the MATLAB/Simulink environment for each converter using same design parameters. The aforementioned converters are simulated under different irradiances: 1000, 900, 850, 750 and 700. The performance comparison of the converters has been conducted for such metrics; the maximum PV power, converter efficiencies, output current and voltage ripples. Performance results show that; the TLBC topology excels with the advantages of higher energy extraction capability and efficiency values. The efficiency values of the converters are 98.9%, 98.1%, and 96.5% for TLBC, SBC, and QBC, respectively.