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    ADDRESSING HIDDEN CHALLENGES IN URBAN RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION VIA A HYBRID-DECISION MODEL
    (Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni, 2025) Kou, Gang; Zavadskas, Edmundas Kazimieras; Ayata, Ahmet; Yuksel, Serhat; Dincer, Hasan; Eti, Serkan
    The integration of renewable energy into urban development has some critical legal challenges. However, the literature lacks a systematic framework for prioritizing the most critical obstacles. Existing studies generally address the legal barriers to the integration of renewable energy into urban areas at a general level. Therefore, these studies do not provide a systematic framework to prioritize which barriers are more critical. This deficiency creates some important problems such as increasing investor distrust, delays in projects and increasing costs. This study tries to fill this gap by establishing a novel hybrid decision-making model to evaluate hidden legal challenges in renewable energy integration. The proposed model follows a structured methodology by integrating z-scoring method to ensure expert representativeness, p,q,r-Fractional fuzzy sets to handle uncertainties, entropy method to compute the weights of the identified legal barriers and grey relational analysis to identify the most effective strategy alternatives. The main contribution is that prior investment strategies can be identified to overcome these legal challenges regarding the integration of renewable energy into urban development by creating a novel model. The use of p,q,r-Fractional fuzzy sets in this model provides an important contribution to the literature. With the help of considering these sets, more complex and multi-dimensional uncertainties can be managed more effectively. The findings highlight the significance of financial incentives and streamlined regulatory processes to have the sustainable transformation of urban areas.
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    Restrictions of internet access in Turkey: legislation, methods and practice
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2024) Ayata, Ahmet
    The opportunities presented by the internet expand certain rights while also leading to the violation of others. States are obligated to establish cybersecurity for their citizens and protect personal rights against various infringements. However, this rationale can sometimes be used to obscure digital authoritarianism. Therefore, the age-old dilemma of balancing freedom and security is at the heart of internet law. It is inevitable that methods such as internet access restrictions, which every state resorts to, must be evaluated comprehensively in their legal, technical, and practical dimensions to enable more accurate analysis of national practices. This study analyzes the justifications for internet restrictions in Turkey compared with their implementation. Contrary to what is envisaged by legal regulations, it has been found that precautionary measures are mostly issued by administrative authorities. There is inconsistency between lower and upper judicial authorities, and judicial decisions are rendered ineffective by the legislative branch. The methods of restriction are applied ambiguously. Some regulations deviate from the legislative intent, while others are rendered ineffective by the administration. To solve structural problems, action is needed from the legislative body, and addressing implementation issues requires a more fundamental paradigm shift. © Copyright 2024 Taylor & Francis–All rights reserved.