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    Öğe
    Development and Characterization of Kappa-Carrageenan/PVA Films Loaded With Clove Essential Oil for Active Food Packaging
    (Wiley, 2025) Bhatia, Saurabh; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Almohana, Ibrahim Hamza; Khan, Talha Shreen; Jawad, Muhammad; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Koca, Esra; Aydemir, Levent Yurdaer; Roy, Swarup
    The active packaging films were developed using kappa-carrageenan and polyvinyl alcohol loaded with different concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) of clove essential oil. The impact of oil addition on the physiochemical properties of the films was evaluated using various techniques. GCMS analysis of the oil demonstrated the presence of three primary compounds in the clove oil, including eugenol (82.09%), caryophyllene (13.89%), and alpha-humulene (2.26%), which contribute to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the oil, thereby influencing the functional performance of the developed films in food packaging applications. The opacity of the film samples increased (0.581 +/- 0.031 to 1.243 +/- 0.056) with the addition of oil, however, there was a significant difference in the overall color change (Delta E) of the film samples. The thickness (0.071 +/- 0.001 to 0.127 +/- 0.006 mm) and flexibility (11.73 +/- 1.28 to 35.08 +/- 2.56%) of the films were increased, while the tensile strength decreased (12.40 +/- 0.74 to 3.34 +/- 0.29 MPa) with the addition of oil in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the micrographs obtained for the film samples using scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the effect of clove oil on the microstructure of the films. Moreover, the thermal degradation and antioxidant activities of the films significantly improved with the addition of clove essential oil, as evidenced by the DPPH radical scavenging activity increasing from 1.27% in KCP1 to 57.21% in KCP4 and ABTS scavenging activity rising from 6.81% in KCP1 to 76.68% in KCP4. This study presents a promising approach to develop essential oil-loaded active films with the potential to be used as packaging material.
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    Öğe
    The physicochemical properties and molecular docking study of plasticized amphotericin B loaded sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, and gelatin-based films
    (Cell Press, 2024) Bhatia, Saurabh; Al-Harrasi, Ahmed; Almohana, Ibrahim Hamza; Albayati, Mustafa Safa; Jawad, Muhammad; Shah, Yasir Abbas; Ullah, Sana
    Plasticizers are employed to stabilize films by safeguarding their physical stability and avoiding the degradation of the loaded therapeutic drug during processing and storage. In the present study, the plasticizer effect (glycerol) was studied on bioadhesive films based on sodium alginate (SA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin (GE) polymers loaded with amphotericin B (AmB). The main objective of the current study was to assess the morphological, mechanical, thermal, optical, and barrier properties of the films as a function of glycerol (Gly) concentration (0.5-1.5 %) using different techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Texture analyzer (TA), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), X -Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The concentration increase of glycerol resulted in an increase in Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) (0.187-0.334), elongation at break (EAB) (0.88-35.48 %), thickness (0.032-0.065 mm) and moisture level (17.5-41.76 %) whereas opacity, tensile strength (TS) (16.81-0.86 MPa), and young's modulus (YM) (0.194-0.002 MPa) values decreased. Glycerol incorporation in the film -Forming solution decreased the brittleness and fragility of the films. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding occurred between glycerol and polymers in plasticized films compared to control films. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to predict the binding interactions betweem AmB, CMC, gelatin, SA and glycerol, which further endorsed the stabilizing effects of glycerol in the complex formation between AmB, CMC, SA, and gelatin. The Findings of the current study demonstrated that this polymeric blend could be used to successfully prepare bioadhesive films with glycerol as a plasticizer.