Tunay, TuralDrugge, LarsO'Reilly, Ciaran J.2025-01-062025-01-0620242076-341710.3390/app140102702-s2.0-85192496486https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010270https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14669/2157Featured Application The control, stability, or even safety of a vehicle can be influenced by crosswinds. The findings of the current study can be helpful for the reliable design of ground vehicles with less wind sensitivity early in their development processes. The development of lateral disturbance compensation algorithms and autonomous vehicles can also benefit from the results of the study.Abstract The general approach in the previous studies was to ignore the driver's steering contribution to a vehicle while investigating the interactions between crosswind and vehicle. Therefore, the goal of this study is to find out how steering inputs by drivers affect a heavy-ground vehicle's dynamic reaction to crosswinds. In the investigation, a two-way interaction between vehicle dynamics and aerodynamic simulations was employed. The steering inputs of drivers were modelled using a driver model taken from the previous literature that is able to reproduce the steering responses of a human driver. The study's findings demonstrated that the steering inputs made by drivers significantly impacted how the vehicle responded to crosswinds. For instance, the greatest lateral displacement of the least skilled driver (Driver 1) was around 1.53 times the greatest lateral displacement of the most skilled driver (Driver 3) at the delay time of t delta,delay = 0.5 s in the steering input. Additionally, the maximum lateral displacement results of Driver 1 and Driver 3 at t delta,delay = 1.0 s became 1.39 and 1.56 times greater than their maximum lateral displacement results at t delta,delay = 0.5 s. Similarly, the total steering inputs of Driver 1 and Driver 3 at t delta,delay = 1.0 s were 1.4 and 2.2 times greater than their total steering inputs at t delta,delay = 0.5 s, respectively. In general, the results of a driver who is more skilled than Driver 1 (Driver 2) fall in between the respective results of Driver 1 and Driver 3. On the other hand, each driver's total steering inputs at t delta,delay = 0.5 s were roughly the same as their total steering inputs at t delta,delay = 0 s. In all delay scenarios for the start of the driver's steering inputs, the drivers' steering inputs amplified the yaw moment applied to the vehicle. Meanwhile, they diminished the lateral force and roll moment.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesscoupled simulationcrosswinddriver modeldriver behaviourheavy-ground vehicleArticle1Q114WOS:001138897200001N/A