Gongor, FatmaTutsoy, Onder2025-04-092025-04-0920221875-47911875-480510.1007/s12369-022-00888-92-s2.0-85131297094https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-022-00888-9https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14669/3440Populations are ageing and the healthcare costs are increasing accordingly. Humanoid Robots (HRs) perform basic but crucial health checkups such as the heart rate can efficiently meet the healthcare demands. This paper develops a 9-stage heart rate estimation algorithm and implements it to an HR. The 9-stages cover the recognition of the face with the Viola-Jones algorithm, determination of the facial regions with the geometric-based facial distance measurement technique, extraction of the forehead and cheek regions, tracking of these facial regions with the Hierarchical Multi Resolution algorithm, decomposition of the facial regions in the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) color channels, averaging and normalization of the RGB color data, elimination of the artifacts with the Adaptive Independent Component Analysis (ICA) technique, calculating the power spectrum of the data with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique, and finally determining the peaks inside the threshold reflecting the human heart rate boundaries. One of the key contributions of this paper is building and incorporating the Hierarchical Multi Resolution technique in the heart rate estimation algorithm to eliminate the deteriorating effects of the human and camera motions. A further contribution of this paper is generating a rule-based approach to discard the effects of the sudden movements. These two contributions have noticeably improved the accuracy of the heart rate estimation algorithm in the dynamic environments. The algorithm has been assessed extensively with 5 different experimental scenarios consisting of 33 conditions.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessAdaptive independent component analysis techniqueGeometric based facial distance measurement techniqueFast Fourier transformHierarchical multi resolution-based tracking algorithmVision-based heart rate estimationArticle14616Q1143514WOS:000805090900002Q2